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Topics - Mauri

#1
Azul Xawem marra

Het is jullie misschien ontgaan, maar de laatste weken is een ware slachtveld op de meeste Universiteiten in Marokko (het begon op de universiteit van Taza en toen is het uitgebreid naar andere universiteiten door heel marokko, Agadir, marrakech, rachidia, casablanca, ect..),  er wordt vooral gemunt op studenten die lid zijn van de Amazigh culturele beweging MCA (Amussu Adelsan Amazigh), ze worden aangevallen door polizario aanhangers en de glagliya (zogenaamde marxisten, in het echt gewoon arabische chauvinisten die niet tegen kunnen dat er ook studenten zijn die opkomen voor de imazighen en niet voor de arabische zaak).

deze laatsen vallen de imazighen studenten van MCA met zwaarden, knuppels en messen aan. ze hebben meermalen de Amazigh vlag verbrandt om hun racisme te uiten tegen imazighen. de maxzan kijkt toe en de officiele marokkaanse media (kranten)  schuiven de schuld bij imazighen, sterker nog er zitten alleen Imazighen studenten vast en ze willen ze vervolgen. het is gewoon letterlijk de kant van de arabische chauvinisten kiezen dat is wat de media doet en dat is opzich niet vreemd.

maar wat vreemd is, de stilte hiet in NL van de Amazigh verenigingen! waarom komen nog steeds geen steun verklaringen?? terwijl andere verenigingen in spanje en elders dat al gedaan hebben. het is erg belangrijk voor de Amazigh studenten in Marokko dat er anderen blijk van solidariteit laten zien. zodat ze niet het gevoel hebben dat ze er alleen voor staan!

hier sommige  fotos en beelden van die gebeurtenissen:

aanval op amazigh studenten Taza






Agadir:
Amazigh studenten
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x228sz_photo3-005

http://www.dailymotion.com/MCA-agadir/video/x228eh_photo3-003

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x217kp_photo3-006

errachidia:

in gevang gehouden studenten:



op www.thamazgha.org kan je veel van de steun verklaringen uit allerlei gebieden teruglezen, er otnbreken alleen steunverkalringen uit NL.

op deze sites: kan je veel over deze gebeurtenissen terug lezen:

www.thamazgha.org
http://www.amazighworld.org/
www.tamazgha.fr
www.yafelman.com

De vraag is dus: waar blijven de Amazigh verenigingen uit Nederland?
#2
Culture and Imperialism
Edward Said

By

* Publisher:   Vintage
* Number Of Pages:   416
* Publication Date:   1994-05-31
* Sales Rank:   11979
* ISBN / ASIN:   0679750541
* EAN:   9780679750543
* Binding:   Paperback
* Manufacturer:   Vintage
* Studio:   Vintage


Amazon.com:

Edward Said makes one of the strongest cases ever for the aphorism, "the pen is mightier than the sword." This is a brilliant work of literary criticism that essentially becomes political science. Culture and Imperialism demonstrates that Western imperialism's most effective tools for dominating other cultures have been literary in nature as much as political and economic. He traces the themes of 19th- and 20th-century Western fiction and contemporary mass media as weapons of conquest and also brilliantly analyzes the rise of oppositional indigenous voices in the literatures of the "colonies." Said would argue that it's no mere coincidence that it was a Victorian Englishman, Edward G. Bulwer-Lytton, who coined the phrase "the pen is mightier . . ." Very highly recommended for anyone who wants to understand how cultures are dominated by words, as well as how cultures can be liberated by resuscitating old voices or creating new voices for new times.


Book Description:

A landmark work from the intellectually auspicious author of Orientalism that explores the long-overlooked connections between the Western imperial endeavor and the culture that both reflected and reinforced it. "Said is a brilliant . . . scholar, aesthete and political activist."--Washington Post Book World.



Culture and Imperialism (Edward Said)



Klicken en daarna klick op: "REQUEST DOWNLOAD LINK"
#3
Al Farabi's philosophy of Plato and Aristotle

By Farabi, Alfarabi,

* Publisher:   Cornell university press
* Number Of Pages:   158
* Publication Date:   2002-03
* Sales Rank:   330664
* ISBN / ASIN:   0801487161
* EAN:   9780801487163
* Binding:   Paperback
* Manufacturer:   Cornell university press
* Studio:   Cornell university press



Al Farabi's philosophy of Plato and Aristotle


om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..
#4
TAHAFUT AL-TAHAFUT  (The Incoherence of the Incoherence)
AVERROES (ibn rushd)

By

* Publisher:   Gibb Memorial Trust
* Number Of Pages:   630
* Publication Date:   1978-06
* Sales Rank:   614772
* ISBN / ASIN:   0906094046
* EAN:   9780906094044
* Binding:   Hardcover
* Manufacturer:   Gibb Memorial Trust
* Studio:   Gibb Memorial Trust


Book Description:

Ibn Rushd, known to Christian Europe as Averroes, came from C?rdoba in Spain and lived from 1126 to 1198. He is regarded as the last great Arab philosopher in the Classical tradition, and, under the patronage of the Almohad ruler Abu Ya'quib Yusuf, was a very prolific one. The Tahafut al-Tahafut, written not long after 1180, is his major work and the one in which his original philosophical doctrine is to be found. It takes the form of a refutation of Ghazali's Tahafut al-Falasifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), a work begun in 1095 which attacked philosophical speculation and declared some of the beliefs of the Philosophers to be contary to Islam. Averroes sets his Aristotelian views in contrast with the Neo-Platonist ones attributed to the philosophers by Ghazali.

Published in the UNESCO Collection of Great Works under the auspices of the Gibb Memorial Trust and the International Commission for the Translation of Great Works.



TAHAFUT AL-TAHAFUT  (The Incoherence of the Incoherence) AVERROES

om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..
#5
De Marokkaanse binnenlandse politiek onder
Koning Hassan II van Marokko (1961-1999),
in de Vlaamse dagbladpers.


Een comparatieve analyse van "De Standaard",
"Vooruit / De Morgen" en "Het Laatste Nieuws".



Hatem El Sghiar



Scriptie voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte,
voor het behalen van de graad van
Licentiaat in de Geschiedenis.

Academiejaar: 2001-2002

Universiteit Gent

Promotor: Prof. Dr. L. François


Lees...
#6
Geschiedenis / Franko en Africa
09/05/2007 om 05:54:12
Franko en Africa



Een onderzoek naar de invloed van
ââ,¬ËœAfrikanistischeââ,¬â,,¢ opvattingen in de uitingen van Franco
vanaf de opstand van de Movimiento Nacional in 1936
tot aan de onafhankelijkheidsverklaring
van Spaans-Marokko in 1956


Bart van Zessen

Doctoraalscriptie Geschiedenis
Specialisatie: Politieke Geschiedenis

Faculteit der Letteren, Universiteit van Utrecht
Academiejaar: 2004-2005

Scriptiebegeleiders: Frans Willem Lantink en Peer Vries (Universiteit van Leiden)

Lees verder...


#7
The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 (Essential Histories)

Paperback: 96 pages
Publisher: Osprey (October 18, 2002)
Language: English
ISBN: 1841763691

Book Description
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 was of enormous international as well as national significance. In this gripping volume, Frances Lannon explains how this internal conflict between democracy and its enemies escalated to involve Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Soviet Union. We go behind the scenes to find out the true story of the bitter fighting within the sides, not just between them. The experiences of the men and women caught up in the fighting are highlighted. For them, and for a world on the brink of the Second World War, the stakes were agonisingly high.

From the Publisher
This unique series studies every major war in history looking at all the aspects of war, from how it felt to be a soldier to the lasting impact of the conflict on the world around it.



The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939.pdf

om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..
#8
The Spanish Foreign Legion (Men-at-Arms)
By John Scurr


* Publisher:   Osprey Publishing
* Number Of Pages:   48
* Publication Date:   1985-06-15
* Sales Rank:   832746
* ISBN / ASIN:   0850455715
* EAN:   9780850455717
* Binding:   Paperback
* Manufacturer:   Osprey Publishing
* Studio:   Osprey Publishing

Book Description:
Although overshadowed by its French counterpart, the Tercio de Extrangeros, 'Regiment of Foreigners' has a rich and eventful history beginning with its formation in 1920. Under the command of LtCol Mill?n Astray and Comandante Francisco Franco, the Spanish Foreign Legion developed into a formidable force, led by Astray's belief that 'to die in combat is the greatest honour.' This book examines the main campaigns in which the Legion participated, from Melilla in 1921-23 until its withdrawal from the Sahara in 1976. A wealth of contemporary photographs and colour plates detail the uniforms and insignia of the Spanish Foreign Legion.



The spanish foreign legion.pdf

om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..
#9
The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
By: Chris Ealham(Editor) Michael Richards(Editor)

ISBN: 0521821789
Publisher: Cambridge University Press - 2005-10-31
Hardcover | 310 Pages | List Price: $90.00 (USD) | Sales Rank: 575948

Book Description
This book explores the ideas and culture surrounding the cataclysmic civil war that engulfed Spain from 1936 to 1939. It features specially commissioned articles from leading historians in Spain, Britain and the US which examine the complex interaction of national and local factors, contributing to the shape and course of the war. They argue that the 'splintering of Spain' resulted from the myriad cultural cleavages of society in the 1930s that are investigated here at both local and national levels. Thus, this book tends to see the civil war less as a single great conflict between two easily identifiable sets of ideas, social classes or ways of life, than historians have previously done. The Spanish tragedy, at the level of everyday life, was shaped by many tensions, both those that were formally political and those that were to do with people's perceptions and understanding of the society around them.

About the Author
Chris Ealham is Director of Hispanic Studies at the University of Cardiff. His previous publications include Policing the City: Class, Culture and Conflict in Barcelona, 1898-1937 (2004). Michael Richards is Lecturer in History at the University of the West of England. His previous publications include A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Spain, 1936-1945 (1998).



The Splintering of Spa...ivil War, 1936-1939.pdf

om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..
#10
The Punic Wars 264-146 BC (Essential Histories)
By Nigel Bagnall

* Publisher:   Osprey Publishing
* Number Of Pages:   96
* Publication Date:   2002-02-25
* Sales Rank:   100971
* ISBN / ASIN:   1841763551
* EAN:   9781841763552
* Binding:   Paperback
* Manufacturer:   Osprey Publishing
* Studio:   Osprey Publishing
* Average Rating:   3.5
* Total Reviews:   4

Book Description:

The three Punic Wars lasted over 100 years, between 264 BC and 146 BC. They represented a struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean between the bludgeoning land power of Rome, bent on imperial conquest, and the great maritime power of Carthage with its colonies and trading posts spread around the Mediterranean. This book reveals how the dramas and tragedies of the Punic Wars exemplify many political and military lessons which are as relevant today as when Hannibal and Scipio Africanus fought to determine the course of history in the Mediterranean.



The Punic Wars 264 - 146 BC.pdf

om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link, rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..

#11
Tarikh ibn khaldun (een bundel van 8 delen = boeken) in het Arabisch
de zesde deel is de interessantste wat betreft de info over imazighen en de arabische stammen die tamazgha toen der tijd binnen stroomden.

in pdf formaat en is een bundel van in totaal 8 boeken.

hier zijn alle 8 delen apart:
om het te slaan op je pc: met je muis op de link rechtermuis klicken en opslaan als..

- Deel 1

- Deel 2

- Deel 3

- Deel 4

- Deel 5

- Deel 6

- Deel 7

- Deel 8



hele bundel:

http://www.megaupload.com/?d=7XF9R5FI 102 mb
#12
Azul Xawem

naar aanleiding van deze Topic (had ik trouwens maanden terug beloofd, excuses voor het te laat plaatsen <wegens drukke tijd>) plaats ik hier fotos van voormalige bevrijdingslegers uit Igzenayen gebied, fotos + wat personelijke informatie voor ieder strijder (o.a martelaars).

later zal ik mijn berichten bewerken en ook dorpen waar zij vandaan komen ook erbij zetten.

deze fotos komen uit het boek  getiteld: "Historische feiten over het stichten van het bevrijdingsleger in Gzenaya stam, incl achtergrond informatie over deze stam"

Martelaar Alhasan Ben Hammuc Ezakriti


erhaj ssi Mhammed ben sidi Driss Azouggagh el mansouri
#13
Muziek / Kabylie non stop volume 1
14/04/2006 om 21:48:50
Azul Xawem


KABYLIE NON STOP VOLUME 1 remixit door dj fayçal & dj youssef.

1-mohamed allaoua: nana ala
2-rachid koceykla: nhabek a mon amour
3-celina: riha laamdar
4-alilou: byiy anasay
5-hassiba amrouche: anzor lwali
6-boualem chaker: chta teir
7-izorane: dar el kass
8-ali irsane: sniwa difengalen
9-rabah asma: vouadrim
10-farid gaya: arnouyas aman
11-ouerdia: sidi lqurci
12-kamel igman: azwit arwits
13-djaffar ait menguellet: jsk
14-mohamed allaoua: thela ouatili
15-nadia baroud: ca va ca va
16-zahir badjaoui: assa tamaghra
17-lydia: abarnousse
18-takfarinas: yemma
19-afous: malha
20-hamidouche: aouith aouith
21-les freres khalfa: idballen
22-said ghezli: afous afous
23-cherifa: echah arnouyas
24-massa bouchafa: ines ines

http://rapidshare.de/files/17688169/Kabylie.rar.html


ps: nummer 17 is ook volgens mij ook gezongen in het thmazight van arif
#14
Azul Xawem

we komen vaak plattegronden tegen van Rif (Noord Marokko) of soms alleen de Riftalige Noord Marokko. Mocht je 1 tegenkomen die hier niet tussen staat in dit topic, plaats hem hiero.

ik zal maar beginnen met mijn verzameling kaarten ;D

#15
The Spanish Civil War : Revised Edition



Media: Paperback
ISBN/ASIN : 0375755152
Manufacturer : Modern Library
Release data : 04 December, 2001

http://www.workingdogs.com/bookstore/us/product/0375755152.htm

A selection of product reviews:


The most superior work on the war

THe Spanish Civil war is apparently one of the most written on moments of the 20th century, and even if this is true, this book stands out as one of the best full, one volume, histories of the event, which began in 1936 and ended in 1939. The war is fascinating because it pitted so many competeing ideologies against one another. It was a war of secular versus religious. Of Rural versus urban. Of fascist versus communist. of democracies(sort of) verus autocracy. It was in some ways a popular war versus militarism. It was a 'world war in minature' and a war of 'two revolutions'. Thomas is the best chronicler of this, and his higly readable account is must read for everyone interested in the origins of world war two or Spain, or world history in the 20th century.

The Spanish civil war was a defining experience not just for Spain but for the various administrations across Europe in the 30s. It saw the mass intervetnion of both Stalins Russia and Mussoluni and Hitler. it saw international brigades raised across Europe to fight for one side or another and one found in Spain German communists, having come from exile in spain, fighting against the German condor legion. Thomas's is slightly weak on his exploration of the origin of the war, perhaps because he does not weight the sheer chaos that was taking place, in part this is due to hsi non-judgemental method of writing, and he should be praised, but one wonders, why he does not give a better detail of just how total chaos had gripped the countyrside in 1936. He seems to underestimate the red terror, but in the end he is quick to see that both Franco and the Communists wanted only dictatorship in the end, their was no good in the war, only bad, and the end could only be negative. A fascinating account about a fascinating topic.
The military anlalysis is good as are the character descriptions, with a fast lucid style and standard British whit, the text is good for the historian or the laymen.

Seth J. Frantzman



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



FEUERZAUBER

This book is a good classic, but analizes over all politics of tis terrible war, from the distance of a British scholar.
We see: Spain, 1936, half a million Km 2, 26 million population. A big proportion of illiterates, some intellectuals and a an army whose dorsal spine is colonial, accustomed to a cruel war in North Africa against the moors. Social inequality is enormous. Communism and anarchism grows up easily in the four bigger cities, Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Valencia, more industrialized. Republic is the legal government but it's unable to stop, fires, murders and disorders against Catholic Church and conservative people.
In the dawn of the 12 July in Madrid, tension and hate explodes: captain Jose Castillo of Republican assault police is murdered by a falangist gunman. Immediately, his comrades kill Calvo Sotelo, main leader of the conservatives: the fire of Spanish Civil War is ignited.
The Republican government has had the caution to separate geographically the most suspicious generals, but these, secretly have done during months his confabulation with encrypted messages. The rebel army of Africa has to pass the strait of Gibraltar, and they get that by the aid of Italian and German planes, Savoia S- 81, and Junkers Ju- 52. Yes, at first, German minister of foreign affairs denies interest in Spanish demands of rebels nationalists, but Hitler studies the conflict and orders directly aid to Franco together with Mussolini: operation Feuerzauber is on. Republic wants to buy modern weapons from democratic France and Great Britain, but these countries are afraid of Nazi Germany and also fear an communist Spain so, they denies armament to the Republic. Only Stalin envies tanks and aircraft, so during three years in Spain ha to be a confrontation between Italian and German tanks Carro Veloce 1'3, Panzer Pz Kpwz and Panzer I against Russian TB- 26B and BT- 5. In the air, Junker Ju 52, Heinkel He 11, Savoia s- 81, Fiat CR-32, Messerschmit BF 109B, Junker Ju 87 Stuka and Savoia Marchetti will figth against Potez 540, Dewoitine 370, Hispano- Nieuport 52, CASA- Beguet XIX, Polikarpov I-15 and I-16, Tupolev SB-2 and Polikarpov R-Z. Navy is almost all in Republican hands, but high officers are killed by crew as these are prone to the rebels, and simple soldiers are unable to govern ships and over all, the artillery.
Division into the Republican side between anarchist, communist and another factions drive them to disaster, unable to build an united army. Instead, rebels or nationalists of Franco are hardened troops -"Legionarios"- accustomed if necessary to face close combat with knife or bayonet in the teeth against the Moors or Rifeños of Morocco. The legacy of this war is truly unknown but is calculated between half or one million killed. Many, foreign idealists, some from the USA in the two sides.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



A disaster of a book!!!

It's been a while since i read such a poor work like this one.I had my hopes when i started reading this book.But as i read it,i realized the author doesnt care about the reader because he never explains anything.He never explains who's who, what's what.He just describes what he's seeing but without troubling himself with explaining the reader important facts necesarry to understand.His narrative is dull and,simply put it,boring.It makes you wonder if the author was being punished and writing this book was his punishment.I never really understood what was going on in Spain at that time,nor did the author made any effort to explain it to you.I had to stop reading it at page 198 and then i tossed the book.I realized that explaining the different situations and turmoils of the Spanish Civil war is difficult but Mr Thomas just makes it more confusing.Right now i am reading Anthony Beevor's Spanish Civil War and,altough i am just on page 54, the book is good and with good and simple explanations as to what really happen in that war.Dont even bother with Mr Thomas' book.
#16
Plan to build rail tunnel under the Strait of Gibraltar
By h.b.
Nov 18, 2005, 08:37



The Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, has been in Seville to meet with the Moroccan Prime Minister, Driss Yetú. The two leaders have been discussing the setting up of joint programmes of help and cooperation to attend to the problem of immigration, both from Morocco itself and also from Sub Saharan countries.

Other matters were also discussed in the Spanish Moroccan Forum, with the Spanish Minister for Development, Magdalena Álvarez announcing that this year and next ten million â,¬ would be spent carrying out a study into the viability of a rail tunnel under the Strait of Gibraltar.


© typicallyspanish.com

#17
Sport / Zidane: Geniale grootmeester
15/11/2005 om 16:58:29


Zidane: Geniale grootmeester
14 november 2005

Op 19 december wordt in Zürich de trofee voor FIFA Wereldvoetballer van het Jaar uitgereikt. Tot die tijd zal FCUpdate.nl om de dag één van de 30 genomineerde spelers voorstellen. Vandaag Zinedine Zidane, de 33-jarige middenvelder van Real Madrid.

Zidane, geboren in het Franse Marseille, weet op zijn zestiende een scout van AS Cannes te overtuigen van zijn voetbalkwaliteiten. Een jaar later maakt hij zijn debuut in het eerste elftal van de club aan de Côte d'Azur. Na vier seizoenen acht de middenvelder zichzelf rijp genoeg om over te stappen naar een grotere ploeg. Hij kiest voor Bordeaux, ondanks interesse van Olympique Marseille.

Bij Bordeaux weet Zidane zich onmiddellijk in de basis te spelen. Hij komt in zijn eerste seizoen tot 35 competitieduels, waarin hij tien keer scoort. In zijn vierde seizoen maakt Zidane bij Bordeaux het grootste succes mee. De club bereikt de finale van de UEFA Cup, die echter verloren gaat tegen Bayern München. Verschillende Europese topclubs azen inmiddels op de Fransman. Uiteindelijk weet Juventus de begeerde middenvelder te strikken.

Tijdens zijn periode bij Juventus ontwikkelt Zidane zich tot één van de beste spelers ter wereld. Met de Fransman als spil in het elftal vult de Italiaanse ploeg de prijzenkast flink aan. Juventus legt beslag op twee landstitels (1997 en 1998), een Italiaanse Supercup (1997), een Europese Supercup (1996) en een Wereldbeker (1996). Ook staat de club twee keer in de finale van de Champions League, maar daarin blijken Borsussia Dortmund (1997) en Real Madrid (1998) te sterk.

In de zomer van 2001 stapt Zidane over naar Real Madrid, dat een transfersom van circa 70 miljoen euro overmaakt. Tijdens zijn eerste seizoen bij de Spanjaarden wint hij eindelijk een Europees bekertoernooi. De Koninklijke pakt de titel in de Champions League, na een 2-1 overwinning op Bayer Leverkusen. Zidane is met een schitterende volley verantwoordelijk voor de winnende goal. Bij Real wint de middenvelder tevens een landstitel (2003), een Europese Supercup (2002) en een Wereldbeker (2002).

Ook individueel heeft Zidane verschillende prijzen in de wacht gesleept. Zo krijgt de spelmaker in 1998, 2000 en 2003 de titel Voetballer van het Jaar. In 1998 is hij de beste in het klassement om de Gouden Bal. Marcello Lippi, de trainer die hem in 1996 naar Juventus haalde, typeerde hem ooit als volgt: "Zidane is het voorbeeld van een moderne vedette. Hij etaleert grote klasse in zijn spel, maar die klasse staat altijd in dienst van de ploeg."

Zidane verschaft zichzelf eeuwige roem door Frankrijk in 1998 de wereldtitel te bezorgen. In de met 3-0 gewonnen finale tegen Brazilië neemt de middenvelder de eerste twee doelpunten voor zijn rekening. In 2000 blinkt Zidane opnieuw uit als de Franse ploeg ten koste van Italië het Europees Kampioenschap wint. Na een slecht WK in 2002 en een matig optreden tijdens het EK in 2004, neemt hij afscheid van de Franse ploeg. Onlangs heeft Zidane echter besloten om zich weer beschikbaar te stellen voor Frankrijk.


Bron: fcupdate.nl
photo: elders
#18
Muziek / Ahouzar (Atlas)
10/11/2005 om 09:56:33
http://members.lycos.nl/maurii/ahouzar-01.mp3

(met je muis op de url gaan staan, rechtermuisknop klicken, dan opslaan als...)

een liedje van Ahouzar. ik vind deze liedje 1 van zijn beste, het is wel geen amazigh bewuste muziek, maar wel een liedje met..

;D ;D ;D
#19
 Talsint: Des balles en caoutchouc pour disperser des manifestants

Des dizaines de manifestants de Talsint (province de Figuig) ont été dispersés vendredi après-midi. Selon un membre de l’AMDH (branche de Bouarfa), les forces de l’ordre ont fait une intervention violente avec des balles en caoutchouc et des bombes lacrymogènes.

Résultat: plusieurs blessés et trois manifestants arrêtés et traduits lundi devant le procureur. A l’origine de cet incident, une marche non autorisée durant laquelle des manifestants ont conspué les autorités et revendiqué le «droit à un travail stable», le droit «à l’eau 24h/24» et contesté la cherté des redevances de l’électricité.

L'Economiste

----------------


ik las hier al eergisteren een artiekel over in  assabah krant, er schijnt een hele volksopstand daar aan het onstaan is. en er wordt met kogels en traangas op demonstranten geschoten.
ik las eergisteren in assabah krant dat de inwoners van Bouarfa (grensend aan de algerijnse grens) gedreigd hebben om naar algerije over te steken als hun situatie niet verbeterd wordt.
#20
ALGERIA'S AMNESTY AND THE KABYLIA QUESTION

Berber Boycott in Restive Region Signals Continued Struggle


by Zighen Aym

After more 200,000 people dead, 10,000 missing and over 100,000 displaced, the North African country of Algeria held a referendum vote on a reconciliation peace plan on Sept. 29, 2005. The plan--officially dubbed the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation--was proposed by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a political oligarch from the country's first post-independence government. It not only grants amnesty to thousands Islamic militants but also exonerates the security forces of any of human rights abuses committed during the last fifteen years.

Although Algerian government official reports indicated that an overwhelming 97% of the voters approved the plan, many independent news sources failed to back up these numbers. Instead, they reported the trickling of voters to the polling places, contradicting the 80% participation claimed by the Interior Minister, Nourredine Zerhouni, a former ambassador to the USA.

But there is a cultural and regional dimension to the question which has generally been overlooked in media accounts--that of the Berbers, who make up some 30% of Algeria's population. The Berbers, known to be the first inhabitants of North Africa, are ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Arab majority, and have been carrying out an intermittent civil struggle for the past generation for official recognition of their cultural rights. Their heartland in Algeria is Kabylia, a mountainous region located about 60 miles west of the capital. Its main cities are Tizi-Ouzou and Bejaia, on the Mediterranean coast. The inhabitants call themselves Kabyls, and their identity has been perceived as a threat by both sides in the civil war that tore Algeria apart in the 1990s: the military regime and the Islamist guerillas alike.

Hocine Ait-Ahmed, the leader of the Front of the Socialist Forces (FFS), a Berber-based opposition party, himself a veteran revolutionary leader from the war of independence from France, denounced the vote as a "Totalitarian Tusnami," and criticized France for claiming the vote was democratic.

Said Saadi, the leader of the other Berber-based political party, the Rally for Democracy and Culture (RCD) called the vote a farce from the beginning to the end. He charged that the vote results were multiplied by four and that electoral fraud has been virtually continuous in Algeria since independence in 1962. He also charged that in Kabylia people from other regions were bussed in to local schools where the voting was taking place to inflate the poll return numbers from.

In total three parties--the FFS, RCD, and Movement for Society and Democracy (MSD)--called for the boycott of the referendum. They accused the president of seeking to consolidate a new dictatorship, and a future plebiscite that will allow him to modify the constitution and remain in power for a third time after 2009. As a result of the boycott, the abstentionism rate was near 90% in Kabylia. Participation levels as low as 7% in Bejaia and 9% in Tizi-Ouzou were reported in the French newspaper Liberation.

In France, where more 700,000 Algerians are eligible to vote, Khaled Sid Mohand of Free Speech Radio News reported no rush to cast ballots. He interviewed an Algerian resident who provided an explanation for the vote: "To forgive the Power in general." The Power--le Pouvoir--is popular shorthand for the ruling political elite in Algiers, generally ensconced in the military.

The question also remains of whether the vote for the charter will protect Algeria's rulers and generals from being judged by International Tribunal at The Hague in the years to come.

Several independent newspapers in Algeria called for public debate on the matter. In contrast, government-owned newspapers, TV stations and airwaves were in full campaign swing for the Yes vote. And so was the president's political alliance, made up of the long-ruling National Liberation Front (FLN), the National Rally for Democracy (RND, an offshoot of the FLN which won a parliamentary majority in 1997, three months after its creation), and the Society of Peace Movement (MSP), a pro-government Islamist party.

Opposition party members and human rights groups denounced the restraints on public debate of the pending charter. The National Association of the Families of the Disappeared was not allowed to campaign against the charter in Algeria and was therefore forced to do so in France. The French paper Liberation reported that a 75 year-old man, Mouloud Arab, the father of one of the disappeared, was arrested and accused of "distributing illegal tracts" for hanging out a brochure that was critical of the charter.

Since the vote, the Algerian government has continued its intimidation and attempts to silence the families of the disappeared, who have been protesting to demand accountability since 1998. The Oran office of SOS Disparus, another advocacy group for the families of the "disappeared," was reportedly searched Sept. 17 by three police officers who did not show a search warrant. The organization's leader Fatima Nekrouf has been receiving threatening phone calls warning her to leave Algeria.

Confusing Voters

The vote comes six years after the Project for Civil Concord, also reported to have been approved by 98% of the voters, which gave partial amnesty to the members of armed Islamic groups. This 2005 charter seals it the amnesty definitively. In addition, under the new charter any person or group attempting to bring charges for crimes committed by either fundamentalists groups or the security forces can henceforth be accused of "threatening peace and national security." The penalties for this crime are to be determined by legislation.

When interviewed by reporters, citizens seem to have misunderstood what they were voting for; many apparently believed they were being asked simply whether they were for or against peace. The details of the charter were generally not addressed in the public debate permitted by the government.

The charter seems to close a dark chapter of Algeria's post-independence history. But it also asks the still-grieving families to forgive the murders of their family members, the rapes of their daughters and mothers, andthe destruction of their lives. In contrast to the situation in post-apartheid South Africa, the perpetrators have not come forward to ask for forgiveness; they remain unknown and will remain unknown. They are effectively vindicated by being granted immunity.

Critics ask what would prevent them from repeating the same actions in the future? To forgive, it is necessary to know whom you are forgiving. The referendum sought to sweep under the rug the barbaric atrocities committed against Algerian civilians over the past 15 years. Not returning bodies of the disappeared to their families does not bring their grief to an end. It just prolongs it.