Zien ze Nederlandse ondernemers graag komen in Marokko?
‘Het werkt in mijn voordeel, vooral toen ik net begon. Ze hebben snel vertrouwen in je én ze vinden het bijzonder interessant. Als ik me, toen ik net begon, bij een kliniek meldde, mocht ik meestal rechtstreeks doorlopen naar de directeur. Ook al kenden ze me nog niet. ‘
Waarom vertrouwen ze een Nederlandse ondernemer zo snel?
‘Omdat wij ons aan onze afspraken houden en men van ons op aan kan. Ik werk in een branche waarin het essentieel is dat de materialen die je levert compleet zijn. We leveren series waarin verschillende maten zitten. Het is nogal vervelend als je een patiënt op de operatietafel hebt liggen en de juiste maat ontbreekt. Wij verpakken en leveren op z’n Nederlands.’

Hoe is het in Marokko gesteld met de gezondheidszorg?
‘De artsen hier lopen zeker niet achter. Ze moeten het soms met minder apparatuur doen, maar daardoor zijn ze juist heel goed in improviseren. De gezondheidszorg zit op een behoorlijk hoog niveau, er wordt heel veel geïnvesteerd in nieuwe ziekenhuizen. Kleine, verouderde regioziekenhuizen worden vervangen door enorme nieuwe complexen. Dat is voor ons goed nieuws. Ik verwacht dat wij daardoor de komende jaren heel hard kunnen groeien.’
Hoe zijn Marokkanen als werknemers?
‘Ik heb wel eens stagiairs uit Nederland, meestal van Marokkaanse afkomst. Dan merk ik goed het verschil tussen Nederlandse en Marokkaanse werknemers. Die stagiairs werken sneller, tonen eerder initiatief. In Marokko is het vaak dat men door blijft praten over problemen, zonder er een oplossing voor te zoeken. Als iets afwijkt van het normale, dan lopen ze vast. Maar ook dat verandert, ik denk dat de jeugd van nu op een betere manier onderwijs krijgt.’
Heeft u uw eigen tempo aangepast?
‘Het gaat hier allemaal iets langzamer, maar zelf race ik nog steeds van hot naar her. Ik blijf vasthouden aan mijn Nederlandse waarden. Als ik om elf uur met iemand afspreek, zit ik er ook om elf uur, ook al komt hij pas om halftwaalf. In het begin vond ik dat erg moeilijk, maar nu maak ik me er niet meer druk om. Dan ga ik in dat halfuur nog even wat mensen bellen.’

Wat is de belangrijkste les die u heeft geleerd?
‘Dat je in Marokko niet zomaar een bestelling moet meegeven en denken dat ze dan betalen. In Nederland was ik gewend dat aan het eind van de maand 95%van de facturen betaald was en 5% nagebeld moest worden. Hier is dat andersom. Ze zien het bijna als een sport om niet te betalen. Het is dankzij de adviezen van mijn vrouw dat ik niet failliet ben gegaan. Door haar heb ik een aantal maatregelen genomen, zoals vooraf laten betalen of onder rembours laten bezorgen.’
InnoPro Lépine Maroc
Opgericht: 1993
Gevestigd: Rabat, Marokko
Activiteit: distributie van orthopedische heup- en knie-implantaten
Oprichter: Hans Buijs (56)
Werknemers: 6
Jaaromzet 2009: euro 300.000

Amazightimes redactie

Twiza jar tqebbař n Arrif ntaff itt ura deg izřan n Arrif. Ijj n umjahed zi taddart n Řkebdani (ait-Said, dcar n ait Řefqih), tuɣa iccat aqarṭas di tmurt n Iqeřɛeyen, iwyent id xas temɣarin izřan. Timɣarin n ait řefqi ɛad ɛeqřent x yizři aya: “aqa am war dayi inɣi, aqa am war dayi ihbi, ḥaca mmuḥ n uɛellal immuten d uřefqih, ijja mawsa tuyeř deg wedrar n uqeřɛi”. Deg uyur wis 12 n useggʷas n 1991, iɛawed ayi ssi Bouchaib Al-Phatihi (zi Dar Kebdani), aqa imsar  ijj n twara deg ijj n dcar n Arrif tekkar teqbič, s irgazen d temɣarin, hedmen taddart n ijj zeg inni tuɣa yexs ujeǧid n Fes ad t yarr d řḥakem niɣ d anezzarfu x dcar nni. Issekk d ujeǧid tabrat i Mohamed Lḥaḍri (zi Řkebdani, dcar n leḥḍara (iḥtareyyen) deg Izɛumen) ḥuma ad yumur iwdan iḥedmen taddart n weqcic ad kkaren ad as tt bnan. Ikkar d ijj zi dcar inna as i wḥeṭri: ma ad as iniɣ uřa i Řwazna ad t as ad tebna taddart i weqcic! sminzi uřa d timɣarin carcent deg wehdam n taddart n weqcic deg wemcan umi qqaren assa dhar n umarjijju. Tamɣart Tarifect řebda tecḍar di tudart nnes, iɛawd ayi ssi Bucɛayeb, inna ayi: [“…Tamecrust, tuɣa tzeddeɣ taddart n Řwazna, Řwazna nettat d tasnusect, zeg Issnuseyyen, tuɣa timɣarin tiqdimin xir zi ɛecra n yaryazen n yiḍa. Necc ɛeqřeɣ x ict tuɣa qqaren as Tamecrust zi řeɛři nnafeɛ, usin d ixewwanen, ssi buḥut umas n ..., yus d ad yacar, ikke d abrid ameqqran, iwt d nnqab; ixewwanen n zic tuɣa ccaten nqabet, ad ksen aẓru, ad ksen aẓru, ar i ɣa fɣen ɣar wexxam, ad ssidfen qubbu deg ukeccuḍ, ad t ssenhezzen, mařa faqen ait n taddart aqa ad wten ajeǧab s řbarud, mařa war imsar ca aqa tessned war din ḥed niɣ ṭṣen. Tamɣart umi faten i teǧa, min i ɣa texdem? Umi tuca ak d nqabet nni uca tekkar tuři x tzeqqa. Umi i ɣa texzar tufa din axewwan, nettat ad tḥart x teṣḍart uca ad tewwet ɣar uɣembub, idweř war dayes min ɣa texzared”]. War ntettu ca tasderfit i tegga tmeṭṭut tarifect ak d ‘imjahden’. Man aya ntaff it d tiggaz di tukkasin (= erfgoed) n Arrif, amecnaw izřan a n Trifect: [“Řqařeb n ssukkʷar iziyyen s ufiřu, Faḍma tawaryiɣeč cenna mara tuřu, cenna mařa tebyes abyas n arebɛa duru, cenna mařa tegga s i Mḥend hellaralu”]. Niɣ ntaff mani nneɣni: [“kenniw ait-Temsaman d imjahden zi řebda, tjahdem s ufus nwem, tjahdem ura s tniba, zzad x weɛrur nsent, ttařyent ak d iṣuḍar”. Iqqar aneɣ David Hart3 aqa di tmurt n Arrif, temeddurt tuɣa temsebḍa x tnayen: din tameddurt n yirgazen d tenni n temɣarin. Iwetman xeddmen tafeǧaḥt, zarɛen carzen tammurt; řeqḍen, ssarwaten zzuzzaren imendi, tarran (teẓẓun) imɣan (= planten), řeqḍen řxuḍart. Teggen taryiwin, teggen řfusawat (= sloten) n waman; bennan tudrin, teggen řfaxar s ukeccuḍ nni i d zedment temɣarin, ḥaryen zzitun, tawyen imendi ɣar tesyart ad iḥri. Kessin řeɣbar ɣar iyyaren. Teggen atay i inewjiwen. Timɣarin mejjarent, kessint tiṣumaḍ ɣar wendrar, řeqḍent aḍir d tazart. ḥaryent imendi di tesyart n taddart. Snennan tt anguř di tefqunt, teggen tt areyyeq d umecři d umensi. Mara nedweř ɣar umezruy n Arrif ameqqran, ntaff aqa Irifeyyen imiɣisen nitni zeg imezwura i yudfen amenɣi ak d tzernant n tmnukda (=  imperialistische agressie)  n Fransa d Seppanya. D man aya i issiwḍen Irifiyyen ad munen ad snaqřen amenɣi, wenni i tuɣa ak d nnumen řebda jar asen, i twařa nneɣni ḥuma ad ndaren tiṭṭawin nsen deg Uṛumi i yexsen ad d yadef ɣar tmurt n Arrif. Zeg wakuda udfen Irifeyyen amezruy n wemdař minzi nitni d imezwura i ibdan amenɣi n teslullit (= bevrijding). Isem n wernwař (= Slag om Annual) ad iqqim yarcem di tudart, mmuten dayes ktar zi 8.000 n řɛeskar n Useppanyu. Mmis n Ɛebd-Krim simant nnes inna aqa “700 d ineḥbas, 15 n ařef jar inni immuten d inni inyezmen i nḥewwes.” Tɣir asen Arrif amecnaw timura n midden i beṭṭan axmi beṭṭan řkartet, (Internationale conventie te Algeciras). Ɛemmars war imsar deg umezruy n Imaziɣen ad ixarres Umaziɣ ad issiři takbabt (= vlag) n tegduda (republiek) di tmurt n Tmezɣa arami t ggin Irifiyyen di tmurt n Arrif deg usseggʷas n 1923. Idweř war iqqim ḥed war issin niɣ war isři x tmurt n Arrif. Di Tmurt n Fransa, imsar deg wass wis 12 n uyur wis 10, 900.000 n iwdan munen di tendint n Paris mani tekkar4 tmesmunt n FCP (= Franse Comunistische Partij) d Isuryaliyen (= Surrealisme beveging) barrḥen x ixeddamen d imesnawen ad ɛeyben x Fransa i tuɣa iticcen afus nnes i Seppanya di tmurt n Arrif.

Ƴar uneggar, ad kenniw jjeɣ ak ijj n tenfust temsar di tmurt n Iqeřɛeyyen,  d asedwař n ʷaddud n yewdan deg wakud n zic:“ řeḥkayet4 n ijj n urgaz yemřec ufint ak-d ict n temɣart temřec deg ijj n dcar n ait-Sidař di teqbič n Iqeřɛeyen. Ijj n usseggʷas tuɣa ijj n urgaz imřec ɣares ijj n řɛarset yarra ɣares tarya n waman. Ibda itessu řeɛrast nni; tuse-d ɣares ijj n temɣart temřec. Qimen ayak d uya, iqq…t s addu ijj n wartu! Iẓri ten ijj n utarras, issekkar xafsen tɣuyyit, munen-d xafsen iwdan aṭṭas. Tamɣart tarweř, ḍfaren tt arebɛa n iwdan, nɣin tt s tezwict, ɣarsen as s tesbut (= espada, ssif) u jjin tt di barra, drin tt s ijj n uḥac. Argaz nni, tanya, yarweř ɣar ijj n taddart texřa. Iqqen xafes tawwart awarn as, ḍfaren t-id iwdan, tazzřen awarn as, ccaten t s řbarud arami yudeff taddart, ibda iccat iten-d ra netta zeg ict n tburjet, inɣa daysen sebɛa. Bdan iwdan nni tařyen x tzeqqa, qeǧɛen tiḥenya n tzeqqa arami xafes snuqqben. Iwyen-d tizizwa di teɣrasin, farɣen xafes tizizwa; qqḍen timessi di tsumaḍ n wari. Bdan neṭṭaren xafes timessi, axxam nni iccur s tzizwa d ddexxan, tizizwa ttmunent x urgaz nni, zeɛɛfent dayes, idweř war itwiri ura d ijj n řḥeyyet. Bdan iwdan neṭṭwen d xafes zi tzeqqa. ṭṭfent, Qqnen as ifassen ɣar deffar, ssufɣen t id ɣar barra, ɣeḍrent id ɣar tmurt, bdan qqaren as ait ɛemmes: d ta d řgezyet (= beloning) nnec, ɛla xaṭer d ccek i war ifehmen azeǧif nnec, ttegged řɛib di tarwa n ɛemmec. Qqaren as ammu, nitni tqessen dayes s řemwas. Ḥed itqessa as it zi txeřxarin n ifassen, ḥed itqessa as it zi tɣemmar n iɣaǧen, ḥed itqessa as it zi teɣruṭ, netta iddar ɛad, war isɣuyyu, war issiwiř. Qessent tanya zeg ifadden, bdan tqessen dayes zi ura mkuř amcan ařami war dayes qqimen idammen. Qessen as abř..r nnes,  ggin as t deg uqemmum. Yuse d ijj zeg ait ɛemmis, ikkes d taxedmect, igga as t di tiṭ, iqřeɛ as tt id, iɛawed as i tenneḍnit, iqřeɛ as tt id amexmi d istef aɣřař zeg weqcur. Netta iddar maca ɛad issaḥrat. Rexdenni řuḥen. Iwyen d timessi, farɣen tt xafes arami ihggʷa. Rexdenni uřyen taddart nnes. Hedmen tt, scemḍen tt. Řeḥwayej ufin di taddart n wenni, qaɛ wen yufin ca iksi t. Tuɣa ɣares třata n tesrafin n imendi, ksin d imendi nni marra ndarent ɣar barra, zeǧɛen t, war t iwyen, ɣir inni war ɣar iǧi ca. Ƴir imeẓřaḍ i t yiwyen. Tammurt nnes tezzenz it teqbič n Iqeřɛeyyen, farqen tt x tcuccay nsen”. Adwař ɣar wawařen n zic niɣ ɣar inzan (= spreekwoorden) n tudart tamsaset n Imaziɣen n zic, itɣima d anemɣar arexsas i wen ixsen ad issen addud n weydud.

2 “Umi d yudef Useppanyu amezwaru ɣar Arrif tuɣa Faḍma inu temɣar, izdeɣ di řeɛři n tmedda, izdeɣ deg Isnusiyen, iǧa izdeɣ břa řbarud, {maca mayemmi ay d yusa Uṛumi?}. Iggur itettef ddenucet itarra t nnes, wenni ixsen akis izdeg akis izdeɣ, wenni i t ɣa iɛṣan itɛan as řbarud”. Awař n Ḥenna Taɛisat.

3 David Montgomery Hart, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History. (Tucson, Arizona, 1976)

4 Description du Maroc à la fin du 19e siècle: Mouliéras, Auguste. Le Maroc inconnu : [étude géographique et sociologique]. Première partie. Exploration du Rif (Maroc septentrional).

S minzi ɣa nessen aqa imař n tutlayt iqqen ɣar izri (= verleden) n tusna. Aẓdam amezwaru, tamkerra tameqqrant deg iyyar n tutlayt n Tmaziɣt teqqen ɣar iẓewran n umezruy n tutlayt n Imaziɣen n zic. Marra min ikkin d tamara x Tmaziɣt, ntaff itt ɛad teddar, tessemɣara wi iǧan nnes. Marra min ikkin d tamara x Tmaziɣt deg ussan ikkin, ntaff itt ɛad teggur ɣar zzat, war dayes řimart n tewsar. Aṭṭas n iřsawen tuɣa carcen tudart ak-d Tmaziɣt mmuten, weddaren; Tmaziɣt tessiwḍ-d tasafut (flambouw) nnes ɣers ar iḍa. Ijj n umsiweḍ (factor) n imsawaḍen n tudart n Tmaziɣt iɣmi di tṣekkawt (řebni) n wawařen amcnaw min ɣa nẓar ɣar zzat di tafarect-a talektrunit. Awařen n tutlyat msebḍan x tnayen: (i) ‘iwri’ (= arbitrair, onomatopee) d umsisi (= conventioneel, ingeboren). Imedyaten (= voorbeelden) n ‘iwri’ ixs ad yini awař yarwess deg umesři (seř) niɣ di ṣṣuṭ n wawař; qqaren as s Tmaziɣt n publaw: forma n tira n wawař  d ufuɣ n wawař zeg uqemmum (d wanzaren), d lmeɛna n wawař, marra d ijj, amcnaw: aqarqeb (qrb.qb.), ṣuḍ, itṣuḍ usemmiḍ, ajjaj, addaz, becc (cccc), ccur (aman-ccc..rrr), zruddeḥ, sřiwřiw, qareqra (qr.qr), tixsi (bbaaɛ), tafunast (muuh=tesmuhrut), tyaẓiṭ (tesqaqa= qa qa), arjuj (jjjj), izi (bzzz), mařa ca n ijj innuɣ as ureqquz deg uqemmum itneɣnuɣ (ɣɣɣɣ), mařa ca n ijj ixs ad yarr zeg uqemmum neqqar as aqa itɛuqqa (ɛɛɛ…qqq). Mařa ca n ijj ɣares tiɣunam n nnefs qqnent, xmi iteṭṭes icexxar (ccc…xxx…rrr). Umi bdan iyduden ad ssiwřen, tuɣa arewsen timijjiwin n iɣersiwen (= řmař).  Awařen umi neqqar ‘iwri’ (= arbitrair) war qedden ḥuma iwdan ad inin min xsen. Mammec txarseḍ cek ad yaff utarras n wakud n uzarmezray (= prehistorie) awařen zi ɣa yini: ‘a dhar n ubarran a ssus n yexsan, wi zzayek iɣarren ad zzayes iɣar zman,…Temsaman ma thewen ac, ma tɣir ac d benneɛman!’, niɣ ad ifhem awařen-a n Chomsky: “ Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.” Tutlayin twaggent deg wakud n uzarmezray, maca aṭṭas n wawařen d tawařin weddaren deg wakud n itraren (= moderne tijden) n iḍa. Ḥuma ad zemmaren iwdan ad inin marra min xsen, d marra min tacan, d marra min innḍen i iyyar n uxarreṣ d tmesna, xarsen deg iwařen i war ɣar iǧi ca umesři yarwes di tira n wawař.

Neẓra sennej aqa zi řeɛjayeb n Tmaziɣt i yuǧɣen deg wakud n zic, ntaff tutlayt-a waxxa marra min xas ikkin d tamara zi temharsiwin (= kolonialisme) ɛad aqa teddar, tbedd x iḍaren nnes, tsewwaqen zzayes di tmurt n Tmezɣa. Tamkerra nneɣni, ɣar rexxu imesnawen n tutlayt d inmezrayen (= historicus) war ssinen manis-d tekka Tmaziɣt niɣ aẓwar i ɣar teqqen. Rexxu ad nedweř ɣar wazzay n usenteř-a (= thema). Ḍfar ak idi mammec ggin Imaziɣen ssemɣaren amawař nsen. Ad nisi ijj n umedya imeyyer x usekkiř n F. S usekkiř n F, ntaff: aff, affa, uf, fu, ifif, fafa, uca ruḥ xas am nni. Zeg weẓwar n F, ntaff = af, ‘af min iweddaren’; uf = ‘y-uf xafi’ niɣ ‘s-uf ifassen nnec’; zeg weẓwar d ijj ntaff: fu = ‘dayes iḍeṣ sminzi it-fu’; maca ijj n F war itqeddi i marra ixarriṣen, immarni ijj n F nneɣni amecnaw : fa-fa: ‘it-fafa x tmenyat’, ‘ikkared it-fafa’ (= afaqi n deɣya); ḥuma ad itwassemɣar umawař, xemmen Imaziɣen n zic ad ssidfen isekkiřen nneɣni ɣar deffar niɣ ɣar zzat n wawař, amcnaw: uf+ɣ = ɣ-uf (iɣufa, aɣufi). Aṭṭas n wawařen meqqaren s tmarniwt n isekkiřen (= řeḥruf) ɣar umezwar, amecnaw da: f—uf—ɣuf—sɣuf—msɣuf—tw(a)sɣuf. Tmarniwt n isekkiřen ɣar zzat, amcnaw: ff-ɣ, ff-ẓ, f-k, f-ř. Tamarniwt ɣar zzat n isekkiřen war iǧi ca d amegdaz (= voldoende) i tudart n uydud sminzi ntaff tamarniwt n isekkiřen zzat i af: af-ɣuř, af-unas, af-tis, af-ḍis, af-řay, af-qqus, af-us, af-ud, af-ḍiḍ, uca ruḥ xas ammu. War ntettu ca aqa marra awařen-a i d idareɣ sennej tiggezt nsen tcarc ak-d Tmegzi (= intelligentsia) n Imaziɣen. X ijj n uɣezdis nneɣni, mara nbezzeɛ awař n tfuct niɣ nesseqsa x weẓwar nnes, ntaff dayes  ‘fu’, tnayen n twaratin n ‘fu’ tticc aneɣ ‘fu-fu’,  wa d awař qqarent iḥenjeren imeẓyanen i tmessi, war ntettu ca aqa tfuct nettat d aẓwar n tmessi d teẓɣeřt (= temperatuur). S umata, zeg weẓwar n F, ntaff ɛawed: f-ad, f-an (taffant), f-ři,  d waṭṭas n wawařen nneɣni. Aqa din ɛawed ismařen (= indicaties) mani ntaff awařen amcnaw: [ɣr] d [rɣ]; i-rɣa (= het verbrand), i-ɣra (= hij studeert, hij leerde). Ad nedweř ɣar usekkiř n F. Tnayen n F arni xas tnayen n i, ntaff awař n: ifif. Mařa nessizwar asekkiř n M qbeř i F, ntaff ‘m-aff’, amecnaw ‘maff n ijḍaḍ niɣ tenni/wenni itafen ijḍaḍ. War da iǧi wemcan mani ɣa nessidef awařen amecnaw taffa, taffant, d waṭṭas n wawařen nneɣni amecnaw asifef  (= ziften), ifer, afar, ifri, aferas, afferfer, uffuren, fruri, aferfur, afercic. Zi far, nzemmar ad d nessiři awaren-a: far-iḍennaḍ, far-tiwecca, far-waẓɣat. Ntaff ɛawed tnayen n far, amecnaw far-far tiwecca, far-far iḍennaḍ. Ad nedweř ɣar tseɣnawt (= uitvinding) n wawařen ntaff tiɣit n Imaziɣen tbedd x iḍaren nnes. Ad newc ijj n umedya ḥuma ad nessemɣar tamuɣři (= visie). Ayur (niɣ aṭṭas qqaren as char) d awař n Tmaziɣt, ayur dayes +/- 30 n ussan, ayur i iǧan deg ujenna itenneḍ ijj n twara deg uyur/char. Imaziɣen qbeř i Galilu tuɣa snen aqa ayur itenneḍ minzi i das wcin isem n ‘ayur’, mařa narra [y = g] amecnaw (aynaw=agnaw, ayraw=agraw, tayyut=tagut, aryaz=argaz), ntaff ayur ikked zi agur, minzi iggur, itenneḍ. Tuɣa snen ɛawed aqa tammurt ttenneḍ amecnaw xmi neqqar aqa “tenneḍ-d ɣari tmurt”.  Ad neqqim deg ujenna, ad nisi ijj n umedya nneɣni. Neqqar as neccin s Tmaziɣt ‘asegnu’ xmi ttiři tayyut niɣ řimart  n tfuct tweddar; aẓwar n wawař n ‘asegnu’ ikke-d zi [ass+ignu]. Aẓwař n wawař GN, itwanna i ca n ijj mařa war issiwiř: d agnaw, umi d udfen, di tmiḍi (= eeuw) n 16 awarni  Ɛisa, ifrikanen n wadday  (Ssudan) ɣar tmurt n Lmeɣrib ggin asen isem: Ignawen (gnawa), s minzi tuɣa war ssiwiřen iřes n tutlayt n Tmaziɣt. War tamnem ca di min qqaren idřisen n waɛraben aqa isem ‘gnawa’ ikke-d zi ‘Kinya’ axmi Imaziɣen tuɣa war ɣarsen ca asekkiř n ‘K’ uca war zemmaren ad inin ‘knawa’, nnan ‘gnawa’! Ad nedweř ɣar [ass+ignu], ajenna di tusna n Imaziɣen ɣares udmawen. Xmi itiři uyur ifarḥ, war ignu ca neqqar as azir, zzayes i d tekka tziri.   Xmi itiři ujenna ixeyyeq neqqar as: ‘assegnu’, ixs ad yini ɛawed tfuct aqa teṭṭes niɣ tejna.  S umsadaɣ ak (= parallel met) Timsisřit (= Fonetiek) d tasniřsit (=Fonologie), ad nebda s tnayen n wasmawen: [izi d iẓi]. Deg iyyar n iřsawen, awařen zemmaren ad ten tessinded (tḥesbed), maca tifyirin (= zinnen) war ɣarsent ca badu (= řḥedd).

IẒIIZI   

Din 100.000 n markat n yizan sennej i tmurt. Asget (= meervoud) n izi=izan. Maca ‘iẓi’ war ɣares ca asget! Sminzi ɣa nessen mayemmi Imaziɣen n zic xarsen ad ggen badu jar Z n yizi d Ẓ n yiẓi? Izi dayes 5 santim. Iẓi dayes 10 santim, iẓi ismuna aẓru (niɣ tiẓra ḥuma war tɣimint di tsa), war iǧi ca azru (Z # Ẓ). Marra manaya war d yusi ca zeg ujenna, wa d axarreṣ, d tusna n Imaziɣen. Tufayt (= nadruk) n Ẓ n yiẓi iqqen ak tiddi n wawařen. Am yizi, am yiẓi, s tnayen idsen teqqsen, ijj iteqqes di barra ijj iteqqes ɣar daxeř. S tnayen idsen d imarzag. Zi Z n yizi ntaff: izi ameqqran (= iristalis), tzizwit, tizit d uzinzar. Zi Ẓ n yiẓi ntaff: tiẓẓar, aẓru, aẓri, areẓẓa.

izi       izan    tizit    tzizwit izen   azar  izwar   izri (verleden)

iẓi       ø         tiẓẓar tiẓra     areẓẓa iẓir  iẓwar   iẓri (schoonheid)

Ufiɣ di Tmaziɣt aqa aṭṭas n wawařen mani iǧa Ẓ, addad n wawař iqqen ɣar min iǧan di tenfařyin (= uitdrukking)  n wawařen n daxeř, amecnaw: iẓi, taẓẓit iseřm (= isennanen n wesřem), tiẓẓar, iẓẓan…….

Ḥuma ad ssemɣareɣ min xseɣ ad iniɣ s manaya ad awem wceɣ ca n wawařen s Tegranzect: awařen-a beddan s bl- u marra qqnen ɣar ijj n uxarreṣ, amecnaw: black, blue, blond, blush, blank, marra asmawen-a n initen (= kleuren). Ntaff ɛawed aṭṭas n wawařen n iɣersiwen daysen Ƴ, amecnaw: aɣarda, tɣirdent (tɣirdent n isan), afiɣar, aɣyul, iɣiɣi, tadɣaɣat, aɣla/iɣelwan (jonge ram), tiɣeydet n weẓɣar, aɣaḍ (oude geit), taɣla (jonge schapen) ařɣem, taɣaṭṭ, aɣřař. Mařa nfafa x wasmawen n iɣersiwen nneɣni, ntaff: uccen, amuc, amcic, ucca. S manaya i dawem ssecneɣ sennej, xseɣ ad awem arezmeɣ ijj n webrid deg iyyar n idrugen (= mysterieën) n Tmaziɣt.

PS: Wij hebben altijd de standard van het Tamazight gerespecteerd. Vandaag heb ik alsnog de  “t” als “t“  en “d” als “d” aangeduid. Dit is puur om het leesgemak.

De activiteit zal in het teken staan van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de Amazigh kwestie in Noord- Afrika en specifiek in Marokko.

De activiteit start met een debat over de Amazigh kwestie met:

• Abderrahman el Aissati (Universitair docent )

• Khalid Izri (artiest)

• Mohammed el Attouti (lid 20 februari beweging Nederland)

De activiteit zal voortgezet worden met poëzie en muziek

Poezie

• Najib Ayenduz
• Yuba Zalen

Muziek

• Ali Aftis
• Hmida Amazigh

• Khalid Izri

Programma
18:00 tot 23:00 (inloop om 17:30 en met catering Momo’s)

Locatie
Cartesiusweg 11
3534 BA Utrecht

Voor meer informatie : >> M. Hammami
 >> 06- 2623 42 16
 >> hammami@live.nl

Amezwaru n umezruy n Imaziɣen n Lmeɣrib war ibeddi ca s twasit niɣ s tarewřa n Driss wis I zi tmurt n ccarq ɣar tmurt n lmeɣrib ameqqran. Amezwaru n umezruy n Imaziɣen n Lmeɣrib d tmura n Tmezɣa marra ibedda zi tiǧin (= presence) n Cacnaq, amernay (= victorious) n tgeldit x tmurt n Miṣr. Tadra (= origin) n umezruy n Imaziɣen iqqen ɣar wakud n tgelda n XXII n Miṣr. Amesɣun (= dynasty) n Imaziɣen ibda ak-d Firɛawn Amaziɣ umi neqqar Cacnaq.

Ṭfen Imaziɣen aɣmar di Miṣr ktar zi tnayen n tmiḍa (= century). Amezruya aqa-t immars u yarcem deg idlisen n zic1. Mařa nedweř ɣar idlisen n wudayen ntaff aqa azeǧid umi qqaren Cicaq niɣ Cucaq i iǧan yarcem s tiggaz (= inscriptions, epigraph) n truligrifin, tuɣa-t d Firɛawn2 n Miṣr wiss XXII, d netta i yudfen s isedrisen (= soldiers) nnes ɣar tmurt n Filistin deg uneggar n wakud n sidna Suliman. Deg wakud n umesɣun n XXI, tuɣa Miṣr war taressa ca, minzi aṭṭas n uɣewweɣ i imsaren deg wussan n igelliden n umesɣun wis XXI. Din wi iqqaren deg idlisen n zic aqa Psusinis wis II, Firɛawn aneggaru n umesɣun wis XXI, iwca yeǧis i wemɣar ameqqran n řɛeskar, wenni umi třaɣan Cacnaq. Cacnaq waxxa war iǧi ca d amiṣri d azedgan (= pure), tuɣa itwařa ixf nnes d amiṣri ktar zeg imiṣriyen!

Cacnaq war inɣi ca adekkʷař nnes Psusinis wis II, iraja ař ami immut uca idweř deg wemcan nnes sminzi azeǧid aneggaru tuɣa war d ijji ca tarwa. Ammu i yemsar ař ami iḥkem Cacnaq x tmurt n Miṣr. War ntettu ca aqa azyen ameqqran n isedrisen niɣ n řɛeskar n tmurt n Miṣr tuɣa-yen d Imaziɣen usin-d zi tmurt umi tuɣa qqaren Lebou. Amezruy n Miṣr tuɣa itwassen xas řebda d amenɣi ak řegnus n midden. Tammurt n Miṣr tuɣa teddakkʷař ɣar deffar ktar deg wakud n Irasmisen ineggura, (Ramsis III- Ramsis IX). Ad newc ijj n umedya, Mirentpaḥ Mry-n-ptḥ , mmis n Ramsis wis 2, mmis n yemmas Isis-Neferet; u din wi iqqaren aqa d netta d Firɛawn nni i yuzřen x sidna Musa d wudayen zi tmurt n Miṣr. Ad nidar imenɣan itwasnen deg umezruy n tqebbar n Lebou. Mirentpaḥ netta tuɣa řebda itmenɣa ak tqebbar n Libya i d yusin x weymir n tmurt n Miṣr. tuɣa arezzunt ad awḍent ɣar Delta n Nil. Tiqebbař-a tuɣa zukkʷant id x weymir n tmurt n Miṣr. Ilibiyen d –ca  n iyduden nneɣni qqaren asen- ‘iyduden n řebḥar’ tuɣa nnumen kuř twara tmendaren x tmurt n midden zeg uɣezdid n řebḥar acemřař, d uɣezdid n tmurt n Imaziɣen iwařan řazaɣ n tmurt n libya. Da i d ɣa iban umezruy n Imaziɣen, deg wakuden-a i ɣa yebda umezruy ad issiweř x Imaziɣen, ad yadef Cacnaq netta d amezwaru!

Deg idlisen n zic, ntaff aqa cacnaq netta d isem i yeǧan nican. Maca ism-a ntaff it ɛawed deg idlisen n zic, iggez u urant ammu: su-si-in-ku, niɣ ntaff it di Turat n wudayen ammu: cicaq; di Tmiṣrect taqdint naff it yura ammu: ccnq, ccq, ad yiři n jar cc d q tuɣa teggent i wesmuni jar wawařen. Mařa nedweř ɣar tudart n cucenq ntaff tuɣa-t d amɣar n řɛeskar (= isedrisen) deg wakud n Psammeticus wis 2. Idweř d amɣar x tmurt n Miṣr jar 945-924 ticarmin n sidna ɛisa. Iḥkem x tmura n Miṣr d Filistin d Lubnan.Yarra mmis x wemrabed ameqqran n Amun. U qqaren ɛawed aqa igga as tameɣra i mmis Osorkun I (945- 889 ticarmin n sidna ɛisa) x ait n Firɛawn. Issmun igrawen n thebes d Tanis. Yarra mmis Iyuput x uɣezḍis n Miṣř iwařan tma n nnej, Iyput idweř simant nnes d amdebbar x imrabden n Amun. Umi yiweḍ ɣar Urcalim, tuɣa igga ad tt iɣḍeř ɣar tmurt, ssenni ad ihudd x tqebbař nneɣni; ad ihdem tineddam, war itejji ijj n weẓru irḥem ɣar wenneɣni, maca sserhant s igerwajen (= treasures) uca iḥewwes-d marra wareɣ d wagra tuɣa issmun sidna Suliman (xẓar di: 1 kings: 14:26)3. Tuɣa din ddnef ak sidna Suliman d babas Dawud sminzi tuɣa itmeyyar ad ibḍa tigellidin n Filistin u ɣar uneggar iwca afus nnes i Yerbɛam (Rehoboam)4 ař ami dewřen wudayen qqaren aqa d Arebbi i d issekken Firɛawen n umaziɣ ad yareddej tigeldin n wudayen umi war uminen s Arebbi. Marra min igga Cacnaq d amenɣi di tmura n midden aqa-t ɣar rux yura di tqubbet n webrabed ameqqran umi qqaren Karnak.

Waxxa ɛemmars ddin war iggi taynit, war issemɣa zi tutlayt n Tmaziɣt, maca ntaff ddin n wudayen ijja aneɣ-d ca n imedyaten (= examples) mani yidar isem n Cacnaq weḥdes (اسفار التناخ والعهد القديم) war yidar ca ismawen n Firɛawnat nneɣni s yisem nsen amcnaw mammec yidar Firɛawn n Imaziɣen ca n 6 twaratin.

Manaya i d idareɣ sennej aqa-t yarcem d tiggaz uffint inni yarezzun deg iyyar n trekkisent (archeology). Marra manaya uriɣ sennej, ḥuma ad sjiwneɣ (= to satisfy) ijj n useqsi. Aseqsi ya iqqen ɣar usfugel niɣ timeɣriwin n Yennayer di tmurt n tmezɣa. Din wi iqqaren aqa asfugel n Yennayer ibda umi Cacenq yarna (iɣřeb) Firɛawn Ramsis wis 3, maca nec war ggur ad ad adffeɣ deg iyyar-a minzi ɛad amezruy n Ramsis wis 3 xas aṭṭas n usiynu, war izdig ca jar tiṭṭawin n imezrayen (= historians). Min izedgen nican aqa awitay (= calendar) n tyarza ɣar Imaziɣen itwaggez i wass n 13 n uyur, ayur wis 13 n Yennayer; ayur n wenẓar, tbedda dayes tudart tamaynut, assuggʷass mani ibda Cacenq iḥekkem x tmurt n Miṣr. Azeǧid Cacenq netta d amaziɣ amezwaru i yudfen deg umezruy zi tewwart tameqqrant. S uyenni i netwařa Imaziɣen bdan ticcen taynit i iẓewran n umezruy nsen.

Deg wakud-a war iqqim ca n wemcan war dayes keffḍen Imaziɣen ḥuma ad ggen irar-urar ak třemmizin n tedyant (= event) n ussegʷass amaynu. Waxxa tuɣa xsen midden ad aneɣ dewxen twarat tamezwarut, maca tiggaz n yisem n Firɛawn Cacenq d raǧaɣ nnes deg idlisen n midden ijja Imaziɣen ad kkaren ad arzun x umezruy nsen waxxa di tmedɣaɣin n yeẓra. Ad nesquded awař, assegʷass n 2962 war iǧi ca amcnaw issegʷussa nneɣni, aṭṭas i imsaren aẓɣat di tmurt n Tmezɣa; bandira n Imaziɣen war iǧi wen war tt iẓrin traḥ d tase-d deg ujenna s řebhut zi bni buɛeyyac (tammurt n Arrif) ɣares ař tammurt n Tunes. Aɣewweɣ amezwaru di Tunes ijja Imaziɣen ad aregben řa nitni ad ssemřen taɣerma nsen. Di cutenbir yeɛdun igga CMA agraw nnes di teyzert n Jerba. Tanekra n Imaziɣen tiweḍ ař tammurt n Libya. Lqeddafi ameɣbun temsar as amcnaw Hanibal ičeř x iluten (= elephants) ḥuma ad iẓwa ɣar Roma ad imneɣ, adfeř tuɣa idřa-iɣum. Iluten mmuten, isedrisen arewřen iqqim weḥdes am wemcum, ssenni yarweř ɣar tmurt n Armenya, dini i yennuffar ca n wussan, umi yuca illa ggur ad xas ḥarten ikkes-d ssem zi txadent nnes uca ikka ssenni. Maca terja n Lqeddafi tuɣa ɛdunt tinni n Hanibal, minzi wanita yaneggaru yuffa mani ɣa yarweř, Lqeddafi immut d amazuf (= d aɛaryan) deg ussegʷass n 2961.

Di tmurt n Lmeɣrib, Imaziɣen ggin afus deg ufus ak imeɣnasen (= activists) n 20 Fabrayer u aQa-yen ɛad menɛen acbar ak řmexzen. ɣar uneggar, xseɣ ad iniɣ aqa iřes n Tmezɣa itɣima d Tmaziɣt, ad iqqim umaziɣ d alelli (= free), maca war ntettu ca ad neḍfar amenɣi n tserkemt (= cla struggle) s yiřes nneɣ d uxarreṣ nneɣ, ad yiři d asurif d ameqqran ɣar tmunit n Imaziɣen ḥuma ad teqqim Tmaziɣt d tusna n Tmaziɣt řebda tbedd x iḍaren nnes.

Netraja zi tmura n Tmazɣa ad ssidfent YENNAYER d ass am wussan izi tɛeyyaden imeqqranen. Ixeddamen d imeḥḍaren ad ssnen illa assa imsar dayes ict n rḥajet d tameqqrant. Itxissa am ssnen ass n umfekki (ɛid l”istiqlal”) i ɣa ssnen ass n ¥ennayar n Imaziɣen. Iḍennaḍ bdand řexbar n tmazight di ttilibizyun n Tamazight s řexbar n wass n yennayer u ssecnen d Imaziɣen n Dzayer farḥen s řɛida amaziɣ ameqqran.

In the fifth year of King Rehoboam, Shishak king of Egypt attacked Jerusalem. He carried off the treasures of the Temple of the Lord and the treasures of the royal palace. He took everything, including all the gold shields Solomon had made (1 Kings 14:25-26).

2 Pharaoh, Firɛawn ixs ad yini: pr + ɛ = taddart tameqqrant.

• 4 “In the fifth year of Kign Rehoboam, King Shishak of Egypt marched against Jerusalem–for they had trespassed against the Lord–with 1,200 chariots, 60,000 horsemen and innumerable troops who came with him from Egypt: Lybians, Sukkites, and Kushites. He too the fortified towns of Judah and advanced on Jerusalem.”  – 2 Chronicles 12:2-4

mur+akuc, awař amezwaru (mur,amur,t-ammur-t) iqqim iddar, nessawař zzayes jaraneɣ maca awař aneggaru (kuc) war iqqim ca. Mani xseɣ ad awḍeɣ s manaya? Tawnafit (curiosity) I tɣiwant n tarezzut (common research) deg iyyara ɣares aṭṭas n tɣemmura.   Deg iyyara, nfeɛ iwařa inni yarezzun deg iyyar n ddin mařa xsen ad awḍen ad ssnen aqa Imaziɣen tuɣa ɣarsen ijj n Arebbi qqaren as Akuc; Akuc-a war d ikka ca zeg ujenna, ntaff uřa d Ibureɣwaten tuɣa qqaren akuch, yakuch di tẓaǧit nsen. Ad nbedd ɣar wazzay n imesnawen n tuylatin d min ɣa yaymen zi ‘mur-akuch’.

a.​twafit tamezwarut, aqa timawařin n [mur+akuch], mmarsent zzat ijj I ​wayawya, ixs ad yini war din ca n temɣunt niɣ tazeřɣa (particle) I issaɣan ​jar mur d akuc. Di Tmaziɣ n yiḍa war nzemmar ad nini: t-ammur-t ​temsaman*, ​neqqar t-ammur-t n temsaman. Manaya ixs ad yini aqa ​Tmaziɣt taqdint ad yiři tuɣa zemmaren ad ggen tawinest (sentence) am ​war dayes n. n iwɛar ad iweddar zeg wemcan nnes, war iǧi ca amcnaw ​tirgařin nneɣni: r,k ​(sars—sas, faren—fan, ɣers–ɣars–ɣas ’slaughter’, ​curḍu-co?du), kksi—si. Amc tessnem aqa din aṭṭas n iřsawen war tiwyen ​ca tazeřɣa amcnaw Marakech city= tandint n murakuc, war iǧi= tandint n ​mur n yakuc!

b.​Twafit wis tnayen tesscan aneɣ aqa Tmaziɣt teggur teddakkʷař  d tawtent ​(feminine)! Min xseɣ ad iniɣ s wawařa? Awtem d tewtent aqa ayen uřa deg ​wawařen: din awařen iwtman, din tiwetmin, amcnaw da swadday:   ​ajenna​= ​d awtem (masculine) ​aẓru​​=​d awtem ​ayur​​=​d awtem   ​Maca din awařen d tiwetmin amcnaw:   t-fuc-t​​=​d tawtent (feminine) t-addar-t​=​d tawtent t-aziři​​=​d tawtent (full moon)​ ​ War iǧi ca marra iřsawen kif-kif deg wazzay n iwetman d twetmin. Sennej i manaya, min iǧan assa d awtem war itɣimi ca s uɣiř I řebda d awtem; izemmar ad idweř d tawtent. Mani xseɣ ad awḍeɣ s manaya? U mayemmi nniɣ aqa Tmaziɣt tmuṭṭuy zeg wewtem ɣar tewtent? Ad nedweř ɣar mur+akuc. Da ntaff aqa isem: [tammurt] tuɣa-t d awtem, war xseɣ ca ad iniɣ tuɣa-t d aryaz! Sminzi d aryaz awtem i yeggin tawtent niɣ ḥuma war tidfeɣ ca di tmesract n řfaz niɣ asnuḥyu (discrimination), ad iniɣ aqa talalit (birth) n wawařen twaggen s uxareṣ n iwetman.   Di Tmaziɣt n zic tuɣa war qqaren ca [tamurt+akuc]. Min ɣa nefhem zi manaya? amur netta d  amezzwer (the original) n wawař, war iǧi zi tmurt I d ikka amur, zi amur I d tekka tmurt. Amur d řaṣeř, tamurt d taseṭṭa (branch).

c.​Twafit wis třata, nzemmar ad naff tareẓmi (solution) n uslugen ​(standarisation) n Tmaziɣt deg wawařen n zic. ḥuma war netɣimi ntemsisi ​aṭṭas ak wayawya, ad nedweř ɣar mur+akuc, da ntaff aqa [t-ammur-t], ixes ​ad tnari t-amur-t. Abaru n wawařen i iǧan di Tmaziɣt n zic, d tenni d ​taɣmart manis ɣa nexẓar ɣar zzat, ad aneɣ tesscen tfawit i tarezzut.   d.​twafit taneggarut, wenni umi neqqar assa maruk (Morocco) d isem ​inɛarqe-d zi Tmaziɣt: mar=mur (amur) , uk inɛarqe-d zi kuc (akuc, yakuc), ​Aqa din ɛad ɣar wakuda řegnus qqaren as i Lmeɣrib murrakuc. Mařa ​narzu mammec das qqaren di tuylat n Tfarisit ad naff ɛad rux: qqaren as ​Murrakuc.   Iwdan xmi tidaren tandint n Murakuc, war txarṣen ca di min yexs ad yini wawařa, txarṣen di jameɛ-lefna! War txarṣen ca deg wejdab tuɣa teggen Imaziɣen x Yakuc. Amcnaw xmi ntidar Chigago, itas aneɣ-d ɣar řbař ‘Sears Tower’, ‘Lincoln Park zoo’, maca war ntettu ca aqa Chigago di ijj n yisem n Ihindaweyen n Umarikan. Chigago inɛarqe-d zi chicagoua, awařa ixs ad yini: ticcart. Ma itadeff aneɣ ɣar waǧi xmi neggur ɣar murakuc belli neggur ɣar tmurt n Yakuc, niɣ xmi neggur ɣar Chigago aqa neggur ɣar tmurt n ticcart!   Ad nzar ijj n wawař nneɣni: [a(d) yegga-c Arebbi řebyaḍ]! Niɣ [ad ac iwc Arebbi řebyaḍ]. Aɛraben qqarent i tuccemřeč. Awař deg iyyar n temkussna (semantic) d ijj. Da Imaziɣen war xsen ca ad farnen tuccemreč ak waṭṭan (sickness).

Manaya ixs ad yini aqa awař n: umellal, acemrař imuṭṭi zeg iyyar n temkussna waxxa Tmaziɣt teccur s wawařen n Tuccemreč:  CML= acemřař, tuccemřeč, acemřař, icemřařen, cemřeř, umřir, imřiřen, amřiř, mrič, tinemřeč (populus alba) uca řuḥ xas am nni….ad yiři war xsen ca ad carcen tuccemreč ak řebyaḍ! Sminzi aṭṭan mammec mma igga itɣima d ccamet di tneffut (the soul) n utarras niɣ n wartu. Maca mařa nedweř ɣar umezruy n ‘rebyad’ ad naff aqa ikked zeg waṭṭan I ireqfen tini (tayni) n Lmeɣrib deg wass n 1887. Awař n ‘Řebyaḍ’ qqaren aqa izḍeɣ di tmurt n Lmeɣrib. Xmi ireqqef cjart n tini, afar nnes iddekkwař d acemřař. Din wi iqqaren Řebyaḍ i ca nneɣni maca war ɣares da ca amcan di třemmizta!   Ad nemuṭṭi ɣar walili, isem n jj n tendint d taqdint di tmurt n yakuc. Xmi ntesřa awařa netxarreṣ deg umenkud (empire) n Roma: Volubilis. Di tidet, awařa aqa d Maziɣ ikked zeg weẓwar n: ařiři (oleander). Tandinta tuɣa iddebbara xas, deg ijj n wadud, ajeǧid umi qqaren Yuba wis tnayen d mmis batlimus. Ad nessquḍed awař, xseɣ ad iniɣ s manaya aqa tuɣa nuffa sennej isem n tmurt mani izedɣen Imaziɣen d maziɣ (murakuc), uřa d tineddam d timaziɣin amcnaw walili, tiṭṭawin, agadir, maca qbeř ɣa neẓwa ɣar wasmawen n tneddam, ad neqqim di walili.

a.​amezwar, tammurt n murakuc tuɣa tessyama ařiři, s uya i das ggin isma. ​Manaya imsasa ak yisem n tendint n Tiṭṭawin, řa nettat ggin as isma ​minzi ​aqa dayes aṭṭas n tařawin n waman; tiṭ tarwes deg isem n weɣbař, ​aɣbař (source) qqarent i mani ǧant tařawin. Umi d nɛarqen waɛraben ɣar ​Tmezɣa, uca imucan umi qqaren aɣbař gginas ɛin aɣbař (ɛin=tiṭ s ​taɛraft) arni xas ism nnes i ɣares. Ɛad rux ntaff dcurat d tneddam ​amcnaw ‘Ɛin ɣbala’, Din imucan di Dzayar třaɣan asen ‘source ɛin aɣbal’ ​niɣ ‘source d’ain aghbal’. Ad nessquḍed awař, Imaziɣen ewcin isem n ​imucan I di tuɣa tařawin s waṭṭas, eggin as aɣbař, usin d Aɛraben arenyen ​xas “ɛin” waxxa anamek (Lmeɛna) d ijj, ssenni usin d Ifransisen arenyen ​xas “source”. S wammu I qqimen wasmawen n Tmaziɣt ddaren ař assa.   Ɛawd ntaff tandint n ‘Gelmima’ qqaren as s Tmaziɣt agelmim, minzi aqa dayes igelmimen (ajeřmam n waman). Sennej i manaya, mayemmi war das třiɣin ‘alili’ ‘ařiři’. Ma tuɣa isem nnes qqaren as ‘ařiři’, ssenni ggin as niɣ idweř ‘wařiři’?. Di Tmaziɣt drus n wawařen i ibeddan s [w], amcnaw mammec ntaff di tandint n: wargla, warzazat, wehran, maca ca x ca ntaff aṭṭas n ismawen beddan s a: aẓru, aẓila, ajdir, agadir, asfi, azemmur, ameẓmiẓ, uca řuḥ xas ammu…. ​

b.​Amnus nneɣni dey iyyar d ijj, mayemmi tandint n ‘walili’ war das qqaren ca ​‘alili? S ijj n ​wawař nneɣni, manis d ikka [w] ař ami iqqim yuẓeɣ ​(grammaticalization) x ‘ařiři’’? Amezwar ad nessen imucan mani tiřin:   ​(i)​ijj n w-aryaz​​​-​w​= this=the ​(ii)​wa-nita​​​-​w​= this=the ​(iii)​w-nni​​​​-​w​= this=the ​ ​Waxxa wa ibeddeř udem nnes, iqqim ɛad ɣares ca n jjehd n wesscan (it ​retained some demonstrative force); wa ak-d ta ntaffiten di: wanita, tanita. ​Neqqar asen amqin n uziyyar ‘pronoms d’appui’. Wa iddakkʷař d win, ​wiin. Wa i inni yudsen, win d wiin i yinni yiggʷjen. Wa d awtem itmun ​ak wawařen n iwetman amcnaw xmi neqqar: wa d aryaz , ta d yeǧis. Mařa ​nedweř ɣar tuylatin tiqdimin ntaff ​awařen carcen amcnaw:   ​Tamiṣrect taqdint:​​Aramaik:​​Tmaziɣt/Tuareg   ​pw / pwy​​​hw​​​wa / wu ​tw / twy​​​hy​​​ta  / tu ​ipw​​​​innun​​​win   Ad nessquḍed awař, mařa nedweř ɣar umezruy n Tmaziɣt taqdint ad naff aqa [wa] i iǧan deg isem n tendint n  [walili] netta d asekkiř i immuṭṭyen zi demonstartive pronoun ɣar definite article: ařiři= oleander; walili= the oleander. Ad nessedmar Tmaziɣt ak-d Tlatinect ḥuma ad nefhem mliḥ. Di Tlatinect illus amcnaw= wen(ni), s Tmaziɣt. Ad nexzar min ewcin  [Illus ille, illa, illud]  deg wařsawen n midden.   Ille​=====→​el​ (el hombre) di Tseppanyut Illa​=====→​la​  (la niña)   Ad narzu di Tfansist: ille n Tlatinect (Tuylat n Romance) turud le:   Ille​=====→​le​ (le chat) Illa​=====→​la​  (la maison)

Am nni uřa di Tṭalyant (il la) u deg waṭṭas n iřsawen n midden. Wenni ixsen ad issnen aṭṭas x manaya izemmar ad idweř ɣar tuylatin tiqdimin, minzi tarezzut di Tmaziɣt icewwar as twiza ḥuma ad nessen tamhazt (evolution) n tuylat nneɣ.

Ntaff di Temgisent (mtyhology) n imrawen (ancestors) n wemdal (planet) n tmurt aqa kuř aydud ggin as iřes nnes

ijj war yarrwis deg wenneɣni ḥuma ijj war itessen min iqqar wenneɣni!

Tɛawaden iwdan n umezzawru (primitif) aqa marra iyduden tuɣa ssawařen s ijj n yiřes, Din ijj n tenfust n Babel teqqar aqa kkaren iwdan ad bnan ijj n tuzzya (tower) i yexf nsen ḥuma ad iqqim yisem nsen yarcem i jjiř i d ɣa ikkaren awaren asen. Arebbi n wakud nni war das yudif ca di řxaḍar min ggin am nni; minzi tuɣa neyycen ad sgeɛden tuzzeggaret n tuzzya zi tmurt ař ajenna.U min tuɣa ten ijjin ad ggen fus deg ufus aqa d twiza n wawař, minzi tuɣa radaset n uxarreṣ ttekked zi radaset u zi tsudsin n wawař. Arebbi yufa rid am nni uca issemxumber asen awařen ssenni qqimen ijj war issin min iqqar wenneɣni! Deɣya uc infartek weẓru n tuzzya, twaɣeḍren reḥyuḍ n Babel! Ad neqqen ameqsar, isem n Babel deg wedřis n wudayen ixs ad yini ‘aṭemmeṣ n yiřṣawen’ [confusion of languages] (xẓar: book of Genesis,11:9). Maca Babel, Babylon ɣar Igrikeyen (Greeks) ixs ad yini: tawwart/adaf n Arebbi).

Aṭṭas n tḥuja i iǧan x yiřsawen maca ad sbeddeɣ ḥuma war teffɣeɣ x usenteř. Deg ijj n uɣezdis nneɣni,  tiɣuri n temhazt (evolution) n tudersent (biology) n iřsawen qqarent aqa iřsawen n midden gguren ɣar zzat u meqqaren, temṣebḍan ijj x wenneɣni s umentiř (because of) n: (i) tawennaḍet (environement) n yewdan, (ii) asemtiw (socialization), (iii) aqqas n politik, u d waṭṭas n tɣawṣiwin.

Tarezzut x iẓewran n wawařen d ijj n tezrawt tuǧeɣ. Tiwalyin (periods) n wemyagg (verb) “iři’ ɣares ijj n umezruy imɣar u inneḍ aṭṭas. Ejj ad nebda s min qqaren iřsawen n midden d mammec ɣarsen issendeř (develop) wawař-a. Mařa nessiweř tidet, aqa adaf ɣar raǧaɣ izedgen n imezrayen n wawařen issuttar (requires) ad ɣares d nadef zi tewwart tameqqrant n tummest niɣ n iggiten n tusna n iřsiwen. Mařa nessij x tegřanject, ntaff ɣares am, are, is, was, were, be, being d been, tiřɣiwin (forms) n wawaren-a i neẓra war arwisen ca marra deg wayawya minzi war d kkin ca zeg ijj n weẓwar niɣ qqnen ɣar ijj n tadukli d ict; min ten ijjin war uydin ca ak wayawya minzi kraḍ n iẓewran i idewřen d aɣbař n beon d wesan; beon (to be) kkin-d zi Tlimant n zic, u teṭṭef asɣun ak tegřanzect iwsaren (old English) būan (to live, to dwell); Wesan tenɛaqed zi Tlimant n zic (wesana: to be, to exist, to remain).  Amudi n wemsenyagg deg iřsawen n midden nḍen aṭṭas ḥuma ad awḍen ɣar waddad (state/status) n yiḍa.

Rexxu ad nemmuṭṭi ɣar umsenyagg n ‘iři’ di Tmaziɣt nneɣ. Ejj ad newc ijj n umedya (example) zi Tmaziɣt waxxa war iqqim di marra iřsawen n Tmezɣa:

ili (be) (exist)

lli-ɣ (I am) (I exist)

t-lli-d (you are) (you exist)

i-ll-a (he is) (he exists)

t-ll-a (she is) (she exists)

n-ll-a (we are) (we exist)

t-ll-am (you are) (you exist)

t-ll-ant (you are. Pl,fem) (you exist)

ll-an (they are) (they exist)

ll-ant (they are,PL,fem) (they exist)

S umata, Tiřɣiwin (forms) n wawařen aqa-yent marra x ijj n webrid, marra arrewsent deg wayawya. Waxxa ntaff ca n tentalyin (dialects) ɣarsent asusru (prononciation) imsebḍa niɣ d unkis, maca tiřiwin tɣimant am nni, war tmuttuyent zeg wemcana nsent; amcnaw:

ǧi-ɣ

t-ǧi-d

i-ǧ-a

t-ǧ-a

n-ǧ-

t-ǧ-am

t-ǧ-ant

ǧ-in

ǧ-ant

Amc ttwařam s tiṭṭawin nwem war din tamrirt (trace, mark) n tdemist (mutation) n uřeqqem jar wawařen n tenfalyin (expressions).

2. Agemmir

Ad nebda zeg ijj n useqsi: ma iři (ili) n Tmaziɣt yuyda ak-d (to be) n Tegřanzect niɣ ak-d (être) n Tfansist? Huma ad narr x useqsi ya, ejj ad newc imedyan ḥuma ad nessemɣar tawengimt.

Jean is thin: John = thin

Michel est mince: Michel = mince

Ad nẓar rexxu s Tmaziɣt:

Mimun d azdad: Mimun =? azdad

Min yexs ad yini manaya? is, est war uydin ca ak ili, niɣ iři n Tmaziɣt. Manaya ixs ad yini aqa ili, niɣ iři war iǧi ca d amyagg  amcnaw imyagen n midden. Tasɣunt nnes teqqen ɣar tillin (existence). Tasɣunt n Tegřanzect/Tafransist ad ɣares nexẓar ammu:

X  = Y, (X be/être Y), X iqqen ɣar Y,

John iqqen ɣar tmesmunt n izdaden. Maca di Tmaziɣt ntaff Mammec nneɣni:

Mimun d azdad = Mimun + azdad. X +? Y

Asurif amezwar ixes ad nessen manis d ikka [d] n Tmaziɣt ař ami idweř issressaq awařen ijj ak wenneɣni? amcnaw di: [netta d aryaz], S minzi mařa nekkes [d] zi twinest (sentence) am di: [ netta  Ø aryaz], ad taff war neḍfar ca tajerrumt n Tmaziɣt. Rexxu ad negg tizemmar ad narzu manis d iqqars wawař-a. Ejj ad nedweř ɣar iřes n Misř taqdint (old Egyptian), nettat ɣares  [pw] amcnaw [d ] n Tmaziɣt, u ɣares ɛawed  [tj] amcnaw da s Tmaziɣt.

[tj]:    = da (here)

n.tj = wenni da (the one here)

[f.tj] = wenni diha (the one there)

Ad nesquḍed awař, ntaff da (here) d diha mqabařen ak ntj (da) d (f.tj) (diha); zzaysen i zi sressaqen awařen ak-d wayawya. Min yexs ad yini manaya? Ixs ad yini aqa azwař n [d] ikked zi da/diha.

Ad nesquḍed řhat, Tmaziɣt tarḍřed zi da/diha awař i teḥwaj ḥuma ad tesseseq jar wawařen u ad nẓar ɣar zzat aqa tesxdem iten di ca n imucan nneɣni.

Mimun d azdad = Mimun d(a) azdad

Rexxu nufa aqa amarnu -(adverb) da- d netta i yewcin awař i issdukkʷaren jar wasmawen. Netta war itbeddiř ca di forma nnes:

netta d aryaz

nitni d iryazen (assa)

ad idweř d aryaz (tiwecca)

tuɣa-t d aryaz (iḍennaḍ)

Di language typology, ntaff amsenẓay (demonstrative) d netta i yewcin awařen n wersaq deg waṭṭas n  iřsawen, di Tmaziɣt natff it deg imucan amcnaw:

d aryaz ay yeccin aɣrum. (FOCUS)

Ɛawed abeddeř n d zeg wemcana ɣar wenneɣni ismentes (provoke) abeddeř n unamek (meaning). U waxxa war ibeddeř amcan nnes, tzemmared ad tɣared x snat n tɣuri. Din imucan mani [d] ixs ad yini (is/be), u din umucan mani ixs ad yini (plus). Aqa din awařen di Tmaziɣt daysen da u ɣarsen anamek (meaning) n (here/da) amcnaw:

adas, yudes,

ma d wa, ma da wa,

xzar-d, dweř-d, ffeɣ-d,

sekka yi-d, ndar ayi-d, ect…

Marra imyagen sennej xmi itawyen –d, ixs ad yini (da); xmi neqqar: tehwa-d tfuct, ixs ad yini: aqa d tesqarrab niɣ tesradas amyag ɣar wenni issawařen. Mařa nenna:

[awi mmic ɣar temzida], war ǧi amcnaw: [awi-d mmic ɣar temzida],

Ad nesquḍed awař, rexxu nessen manis d ikka d n Tmaziɣt.

Maca tarezzut tameqqrant ɛad war tt nfekk ca. Ad nedweř ɣar umeyyag n iři, d mani ixes ad yiři. Mařa sseqsiɣc…nniɣ ac Mammec teǧid (tellid), twarrit ixs ad tiři:

Aqa ayi mliḥ…..(din wi iqqaren aqqa ayi)

Da war nzemmar ad nini:

Lli-ɣ mliḥ, niɣ ǧiɣ mliḥ

Manaya ixs ad yini aqa war nzemmar an egg (iři) di marra akuden (tenses).

Assa: aqa ayi di taddart

Iḍennaḍ: tuɣa ayi di taddart/ ǧa ǧiɣ di taddart

Tiwecca: ad iřiɣ di taddart

Neẓra sennej aqa iři ntegg it deg wakud n imař (future), war ten tegg ca deg wakud n zic, u war ten tegg ca deg wakud n iḍa (present!). Xẓar ɛawed Mammec itbeddař wemyagg n Tmaziɣt da swadday:

ǧ———–>aqa———->tuɣa (ǧa ǧi-)

Mammec te[ǧ]id? = How [are] you?

[Aqa] ayi mliḥ = [I am] ok,

[tuɣa] ayi di taddart = I [was] at home.

War ntettu ca aqa ntaff iři uřa deg wakud n wanaḍ (imperative) xmi ntic řumar amcnaw:

[iři d aryaz]

[iřim mliḥ]

[iřint di taddart ɣar wezzyen (n) nhar].

X ijj n uɣezdid nneɣni ntaff aqa iři iqqen ak wemyagg n tillin (existence) amcnaw:

Arebbi iǧa (illa) niɣ war iǧi(illi)?

Mařa neggas ansay (translation) ɣar tegřansect, ntaff: Does God exist or not?

Din ɛawed wi iqqaren aqa [illi, illu] tuɣa-t d isem n ijj n Arebbi n Imaziɣen, min sneɣ necc nican aqa [ill] ntaff it deg waṭṭas n wawawřen n ineglas (lmalaikat) d irebbiten n midden amcnaw:

Jibra[ill] Gabriel

Ɛazra[ill] Azrael

mixa[ill] Micheal

il/ill s tidet tuɣa d isem n Arebbi ɣar waṭṭas n regnus. Ntaf uřa isem n allah ɣar imseřmen dayse ll, ntaff ɛawed ill-ohim ɣar wudayen. Tḥajita temɣar ad as negg amcan nnes twarat nneɣni. Ad nedweř ɣar iři di Tmaziɣt, aṭṭas n wawařen di tmaziɣt taqdint dayes amyagg n ili/iři:

Age-lli-d

tilelli

alli

allun

lal (řaǧ)

agurz-il (Arebbi n garra ɣar Imaziɣen)

ulli/uǧi

Ntaff ɛawed ili, iři deg warwařen amcnaw: a-s-ři-w-ři-w, t-ili-w-li-win, iǧi= illi, ect…

3. Amṣafaḍ

S min tezrim sennej, nfekk drus amyagg n iři di Tmaziɣt. Neẓra aqa iři war iffiɣ ca x lmeɛna nnes u war ibeddeř ca arrimet nnes[ll=ǧ] amcnaw mammec neẓra deg iřsawen n midden. S uqeḍeḍ (briefly), Tamhazt (evolution) n Tmaziɣt tessiwed aydud ad yarẓu x wawařen nneɣni ǧan niɣ war ǧin. Inni iǧan war tidfen ca di tmuddemt (paradigm) n usekkiw (structuring) n Tmaziɣt. S uyenni i netwařa udfen-d wawařen nneɣni ḥuma ad qqnen aḥfur waxxa assaɣ niɣ tamaqqant (relation) jar asen amcnaw arriḥet n yewzan di fřiyyu. Ad newc ijj n umedɣa i twarnit n twengimt.

Aql => aqa => aqqa

Aql ayi => aqa ayi => aqqa ayi

Twafit n wawařen i neẓra sennej nɛarqen-d zeg umeyagg n aql ‘see’ , aql idweř aq, aq idweř d aqa, aqa iwca aqqa. Marra yina tuɣa ixes ad iřin ḥuma ad taff ad nzemmar ad nini:

Aqa ayi di taddart anemgař: lliɣ di taddart*

Aqqa iwdan anemgař: aqa iwdan*

U mařa nexs ad nessuyda Tmaziɣt ak Tegřanzect ntaff:

I am here = aqa ayi da

Manaya ixs ad yini aqa amyagg n ‘to be’ di Tegřanzect d iři n Tmaziɣt ggin amcnaw arriḥet n yewzan di fřiyyu. Sennej i manaya, refhamet n [aqa] tedweř temɣar, amcnaw Mammec ntaff di:

Aqa ad tuyured!

Aqa, danita ixs ad yini: war ggur ca.

Zi aql (xzar) ař war (negation/warning), manaya d ijj n ubeddeř imɣar deg iřes n Tmaziɣt.

]]> http://www.amazigh.nl/2011/12/amyagg-n-%e2%80%98iri%e2%80%99-di-tmazi%c9%a3t-n-arrif/feed/ 0 http://www.amazigh.nl/2011/12/are%e1%b9%ad%e1%b9%adar-n-wawaren/ http://www.amazigh.nl/2011/12/are%e1%b9%ad%e1%b9%adar-n-wawaren/#comments Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:18:40 +0000 Mohamed Essanoussi http://www.amazigh.nl/?p=1041 Aṭṭas n iřsawen n ddunect carcen ak wayawya  tusna (knowledge) d wareṭṭař n wawařen (loanwords). Řebda wenni ijehden (bu wagra) i yareṭṭřen i umeẓruḍ. Maca ameẓrud řa d netta ɣares min i ɣa yini. Xseɣ ad iniɣ s manaya aqa waxxa xmi itiři iřes n tmurt ijhed, war ixs ca ad yini aqa war itmetti ca. Aṭṭas n iřsawen areḍřen awařen zi Tlatinect, Talatinect war teqqim maca inni i xas d iksin awařen qqimen ddaren, amcnaw min imsařen i Tmaziɣt.

Xmi ca n yiřes yarezzu x ca n wawař uca war t itiff deg iyyar niɣ deg wazzay nnes (amawal), itraḥ yareṭṭeř it id zi manis nneɣni. Areṭṭař n wawař řebda iqqen ɣar umezruy n tmurt. Kuř awař ɣares ameddur nnes (řɛumur), amcnaw tafukt (tfuct) nettat ussan nnes mɣaren x wussan n wartu (latin= hortus/hortum/horti). Minzi ǧan ca n wawařen war tmettin, war tweddaren u amenni i ɣa qqimen ssemrasen ten iwdan meřmi mma u mani mma. Areṭṭař n wawařen  war iǧi ca d ict tmesract řebda tecna. Xmi i d itadef ca n wawař d amaynut ɣar ca tuylayt mammec mma tegga, itirar as di tseddast (syntax). Qqaren imesnilisiyen (linguists) aqa areṭṭař n wawař ireqqef marra azzay n tesnawalt zeg iznaggaɣen (semi-consonnes) ɣares ař temkussna (semantic). Nniɣ sennej aqa ameẓruḍ ɣares min ɣa yini, xseɣ ad iniɣ aqa awař itɣima d amuṭṭi (variable); ijj itic i wenneɣni, ussan tennḍen, awařen tsaran zi tmurt ɣar tenneɣni. Ad awem iniɣ mammec: ad nexẓar rexxu manis d ikka wawař n ‘ssukkar’ d Mammec igga ař ami idweř itsara zi tmurt ɣar tenneɣni.

Tuylat n zic n Dravidian tewc as awař-a i tuylat n Sanskrit ‘sharkara’, Sanskrit taḍeř as t i Iran ‘shakar’, Iran tarḍeř as t i waɛraben ‘succarun’, Aɛraben areṭṭeř nni i Wtařyan ‘Zucchero’ (middle Latin), ineggura ya sseɛdun as t i ifransisen ‘sucre’. Uca ammu i yeqqim itsara zi tmurt ɣar tenneɣni. Am mammec nessen war din iǧi ca n ijj izemmar ad issiweř břa areṭṭař. Rexxu ad nexẓar awařen i d yudfen zi Tlatinict ɣar Tmaziɣt nneɣ.

Awařen n Tmaziɣt:                   Awařen n Tlatinect:               s tegřanzect:

abril/abruri                                                             aprilis                                     april/freeze

asnus                                                                        asinus                                     ass

aqninni                                                                    cuniculus                                rabbit

abaw/ibawenn                                                       fabae                                        bean

andrar/annar                                                         area                                          area

atmun (n wesɣar)                                                  temonem                                rudders

azebbuj                                                                    acerbus                                   bitter

zzebbuj                                                                    acerbus                                   wild olive

furnu                                                                        furnus                                    oven

fiǧus/afullus                                                           pullus                                     chick

tawwart/tabburt                                                   porta                                      door

wartu,wartan                                                          hortus/hortum/horti        garden

fiřu                                                                            filum                                     thread

rectu                                                                         lectus                                    bed

tayda                                                                        taeda                                     pinewood

třima                                                                        celum                                   chisel

tyuya                                                                        iugum/yugum                    pair

iyyar, iger                                                                ager                                      field

(ait) cicar                                                                 cicer/kiker                         chickpea

zayru, azaglu                                                           Jugulum                            yoke

Zeg ijj n uɣezḍis nneɣni, ntaf awařen n Tmaziɣt udfen ɣar Tlatinect. Ɛad war nessin ca uṭṭun n warařen n Tmaziɣt i iǧan di Tlatinect. U war ntettu ca ɛawed umi udfen Imaziɣen (taqbič n Meshwesh) ɣar tmurt n Miṣr, mani idweř Shoshenq d FIRƐAWEN amezwar, zeg Imaziɣen, i iḥekmen tammurt n Miṣr. Jjin din řatar nsen s wawařen n Tmaziɣt amcnaw Amon (Amun), wa tuɣat d ijj zeg waṭṭas n irebbiten n Imaziɣen, Amun-a tuɣat d arebbi n tfuct (sun), n uṣemmiḍ (wind) u n umensif (fertility). Wenni umi qqaren S. GSELL (1913: 312) inna  x yiřes n Hesechius, ijj n umesnaw d Agriki, aqa Imaziɣen tuɣa qqaren as Amon i wḥewri. Ntaf uřa d isem n Miṣr n zic tuɣa qqarnas: Egypt. Egypt-a tus-dd zi kemet, kemmet qqarent i tmurt tabarcant (black land). Aẓwar-a n wawař ntaff it di Tmaziɣt. K.M.T: ikmed, icmeḍ; xmi tcemmeḍ ca n řḥajjet, teddakkʷař d tabarcant. Ad yiři Imaziɣen ufin tammurt-a ɣares cař d buʷrreṣ d abarcan, niɣ ufin tet tecna i tyarza, sminzi tammurt tabarcant ttic řɣiǧet i wi iǧan nnes. Nitni ɣarsen tammurt tazuggʷaɣt amcnaw sseḥra; awař n desert (sseḥra) (the red land) ikked zi Truglifect- deshret (dSr.t, fem.)
Ad nedweř ɣar wawařen n Tlatinect ntaf midden ksin zzayes min ictaben.

awařen n Tlatinect:                          awařen n Tmaziɣt:                  s tegřanzect:

pithécos, pithe                                               biddu                           ape

addax (nasomaculatus) addax(niɣ tafunast n řexra)         antilope

bubal         1 bubalis                        buffalo

elu/telut/elwan (Touareg)                          elephantum                    elephant

Rossler (1942: 295) inna aqa din ijj n wecrac deg wawař jar Tagrikect ελέφαντας (elephant) d ijj n wawař tuɣa iǧa zic ɣar Imaziɣen qqaren as eleb. S ennej i manaya, mařa nessars tiṭṭwin nneɣ x –ilef-iřef,ilfan-; ntaff yudes i –elephant-, min ibedřen da? F n ilef idweř d P deg iřsawen nneɣni, amcnaw mammaec twaram swadday:

Ilef (tileft)    ====================è elephantum

Ilfan ===================è elephanti

F—————————————-à p

Amc i dawem nniɣ sennej, areṭṭar n wawařen yudef di tusna d wemsawaḍ jar řegnus. ɛawed din aṭṭas n iřsawen areḍřen awařen i iřsawen nneɣni war qqimen ddaren!

Aṭṭas n iwdan qqaren as aqa Tmaziɣt teccur s Taɛraft, maca mařa nexzar swadday i wawaren-a ad taffem belli ina umi neqqar neccin d awařen n Taɛraft, aqa war ǧin ca nican d Taɛraft; Taɛraft tarḍeř řa nettat x midden.

Iblis:          διαϐολος             diabolos

Iqlīm:          κλίμα                  klima

inǧīl:           ευαγγέλιον           evangelion

barqūq:       δαμάσκηνο           praecox

biṭāqa:         πιττακιον             [pittakion] ticket

ẖarīṭa:         χαρτης                carte                    [khartês]

ǧinn:           δαίμονας              demon                 genius

dirham:      δραχμή              dirham                [drakhmê]

daftar:       διφθέρα            notebook            [diphthera]

ṣirāṭ:          οδός                      street                [stratos]

firdaus:      παραδεισος        paradise           [paradeisos]

qanun :      κανων                 canon                 [kanon]

qaṣr:          κάστρο               castle                  [castrum]

qalam:       κάλαμος            pen                      [kalamos]

qamīṣ:       πουκάμισο        shir   shirt          [camisia]

marǧān:     μαργαρίτης      coral                   [margaritês

awařen zi iran:

ʾustāḏ:                         professor

dustūr:                         chart/constitution

dīwān:                          cabinet

sirwāl:                          pantaloon

finǧān:                         cup

fūlāḏ:                            steel

numuḏaǧ:                    example/sample

handasa:                     geometry, architecture, engineering

Aɛraben areḍřend uřa zi Tsumarect:

tājir:                    damgar             trader

ǧasara:                gish-ur              bridge

faẖẖār:                bahar                clay

kursiy:                guza                  armchair

Aɛraben areḍřend uřa zi Tsanskrit:

az-Zuhara:          sukra                Venus planet

filfil:                     pippala             pepper

laymūn:               nimbu              citron, lemon

baṭṭīẖ:                   biṭka                 melon

timsāḥ:                 meseh              crocodile

sayf:                      sef                     sword

Aɛraben areḍřend uřa zeg iřes n Armaniyyen amcnaw ward: vard (rose-flower); areḍřend ɛawed x Icinweyyen ṭūfān: tai-fu, (deluge-inondation). Xmi neqqar s Taɛraft:

Handasa iblis wa ljinn bi lqalami wa ssayfi wa lfuladi wa bi lqanuni addusturi jasaru siraat al firdawsi taḥta iqlimi alqasri. Namudajuhum fi al injjili wa attawrati ka finjanin mina assansabili. Ya’kuluna mina al marjan wa llaymun, wa lbarquq.

.هندس ابليس و الجن بالقلم والسيف والفولاذ. وبالقانون الدستوري جسرو تحت اقليم القصر, نموذجهم في الانجيل والتوراة كفنجان من السنسبيل. ياكلون من المرجان والليمون والبرقوق

Marra awařen i twaram sennej war ǧin ca d Taɛraft. Min iqqim nican d  Taɛraft drus  n wawařen amcnaw [d…d]. Ad yiři tesřim i inni i daneɣ iqqaren aqa Tmaziɣt teccur s wawařen n Taɛraft, mařa tarzud deg iẓewran n wawařen n waɛraben, war ssineɣ ma ad taffed ca uřa ad teqqimed tsarid zi tuylat ɣar tenneɣni ḥuma ad tesned manis d ikka wawař d wi yareḍřen x wenneɣni.

Ijj n twara Amirikan d Japan tuɣa tmenɣan x reswaq n tḍuft minzi Japan tuɣa tejhed u temneɛ ssuq. Deg 1935 tekkar Umirika tessufeɣ-d řa nettat ca n řkettan d taɣennant x Japan. Uca nnan: ‘now you lousy old Nippon’ (rexxu cem a tawessart n japan iqejḥen); ssenni ksin waɛraben (d midden) zi kuř awař ijj n řḥaf:

now you lousy old Nippon  

n     y     l      o     n     =     nylon

Din ɛawed ijj n marka nneɣni n wareṭṭař, amcnaw: Kateteria = Café-tea-area = řqehwa-atay-amcan.

uřa d awařen n isimiten niɣ n iḥenjeren imeẓyanen i iǧan war ḥwijen ca aṭṭas n uxarres, ntafi ten usin-d zi tuylatin n midden, amcnaw abuɛbuɛ= البعبع, neccin neqqar as s Tmaziɣt ‘buɛɛu’, arḍren tid waɛraben x Thiroglifect: بوبو tuɣat d isem n ijj n lɛifrit ssaggʷaden zzayes iḥenjeren imezyanen.

Ntaff ɛawed مم.mummu, ikke-d zi Thiroglifect (din wi iqqaren zeg iqibṭiyyen) waxxa rexxu ssaggʷaden zzayes iḥenjeren imeẓyanen maca zic tuɣa ixs ad yini ‘macca’ (mum).

Aqa din ɛawed ijj n wawař qqarent i xmi ca n uhenjer niɣ asiymi ixs ad iḥada ca n řḥajjet d taɛeffant; qqaren as waɛraben uřa d neccin akidsen  كخ, kixx, awařa yuse-d zi Troligrifect, ixs ad yini: ijj n tmesřact war tecni.

To be continued………..(M.Essanoussi)

Massinissa had in zijn jeugd gediend in het Fenicische leger en was danig onder de indruk van de beschaving van de Feniciërs, die hij poogde te imiteren. Naar het voorbeeld van het Fenicisch alfabet ontwikkelde Massinissa het Tifinagh, het Imazighen-alfabet. Hij zette een geordend bestuur op poten, bouwde een vloot en vast leger op dat bestond uit 50.000 man. Hij stichtte nederzettingen naar Fenicisch model en zorgde dat de Imazighen akkerbouw gingen bedrijven en hun (semi-)nomadische leefstijl opgaven. Om te verhinderen dat ze hun nomadisch verleden weer zouden oppikken, vestigde Massinissa de Imazighen niet op boerderijen, maar in versterkte forten. Op deze manier werden ze ook gelijk verstedelijkt.

Massinissa wilde echter meer: hij wilde een groot onafhankelijk rijk der Imazighen, een koninkrijk dat sterk genoeg was om buitenlandse indringers te weerstaan. Hij besefte dat dat alleen mogelijk zou zijn wanneer hij Carthago, de stad van zijn leermeesters, zou veroveren. In 204 v.Chr. scheen de tijd hiervoor rijp. Hannibal Barkas die de ene na de andere overwinning had behaald op de Romeinen, scheen aan de verliezende hand te zijn. Massinissa verbrak zijn verbond met de Carthagers en sloot een alliantie met Rome. De Massyli en hun koning Syphax daarentegen bleven trouw aan Carthago.

Toen de Romeinse vloot landde in Noord-Afrika zette Massinissa zijn Numidische leger in tegen de Carthagers. In 202 v.Chr. vond de Slag bij Zama plaats. Romeinse legioenen vochten tegen de Imazirische krijgers te paard: de Romeinen vielen in slagorde aan en de Imazighen omsingelden de Carthagers op de flanken. Na de overwinning werden Oost- en West-Numidië herenigd tot het Numidische Rijk. Massinissa werd beloond voor zijn hulp bij Zama en ondersteund door de Romeinen. Meer problemen voor Carthago met haar buurlanden was in het belang van Rome.

Vijftig jaar later had Carthago zich weer weten te herstellen. Carthago was weer uitgegroeid tot een handelsstad, zij het dat ze onder Romeins toezicht stond en aan Rome belastingplichtig was. De herrijzenis van Carthago was voor de Romeinen een reden opnieuw de oorlog te verklaren (Derde Punische Oorlog). De werkelijke reden voor deze oorlog was dat Massinissa meer Carthaags grondgebied had veroverd dan waar hij volgens het vredesverdrag recht op had en waarschijnlijk ook plannen had om Carthago in te nemen. Rome besefte het gevaar van deze geduchte tegenstander in Noord-Afrika. De verovering en vernietiging van Carthago door de Romeinen (146 v.Chr.) betekende het definitieve einde van de Fenicische heerschappij.

Graf van Massinissa

Kort hiervoor, in 148 v.Chr. stierf Massinissa op 90-jarige leeftijd. Hij werd begraven in Thugga (huidige Dougga in Tunesië), waar in een mausoleum een inscriptie in het Numidisch en Fenicisch geschreven werd. Na de dood van Massinissa werd Numidië verdeeld in verschillende koninkrijken. Deze werden door zijn zonen geregeerd

BRON: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massinissa