Amazigh.nl

Die foto is niet in Arif genomen. Irifiyen hebben altijd een Srimeth aan een Aghyur vast hangen.

Het is meer Noord-afrikaanse Dari-ja . Geen Al 3arabiya Al fus7a.
Ik heb laatst goed naar geinformeerd.

by the way.. is here any one who is in advertising or marketing?? ---->> Kill Your self ;D

Hij heeft nog meer leuke uitspraken. :D

al die commercie , adverteerders en die slogans...

watch this , Bill
Hicks

Citaat van: Inuit op 10/07/2007 om 16:27:52

Citaat van: Hadou op 10/07/2007 om 16:11:02
Als jouw mam maar niet achter komt ;D

mijn mams heeft niet zo'n probleem met de prodigy hoor :)

Ik zei I-maaaaam niet mama. Ik zou niet durfen..
maar over mams gesproken, dit is dé Klassieker:


Genesis Mama

Als jouw  Imam maar niet achter komt ;D

Energie besparing. Je weet wel : 07-07-07 Live Earth  ....

He Inuit dat meen je toch niet ?
dat is toch niet jouw style?
Prdigy, breathe
deze is beter man!

firestarter is nog beter hahaha.



Dat dit onder ''old school'' valt ??

   
The Mediterranean that today we know was born about 8,000 years ago, when the Neolithic one - that is to say, agriculture and the sedentary life extended by its borders from the original center of Mesopotamia, in present Iraq. Always sailing near the coast, populations coming from the Eastern Mediterranean were based as colonos in territories of easier culture. With them they brought his goats and ewes, the barley and the wheat, the ceramics and the weaves. When this process has been concluding for about 5,000 years, all the shores of the Mediterranean Sea even share a same culture, similar technological levels and aesthetic a common one, as it is seen in "the cardial" ceramics that extends from Gibraltar to the Bosphorus.





At that time, the process of drying of the Sahara - that until 4,000 years ago had been a savannah and later a steppe arrived at its aim, reason why the populations of shepherds had to look for new grass for their cattles, being transferred towards more benign earth to the north. It is in this period when the islands with Sardinia, Córcega fill, Baleares or the Canary Islands. Between these settlers of the western Mediterranean great genetic similarities - like haplotipo A30/B18/DR3 -, that also occurs with the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, and with bretones are observed still today and even Irish. These denominated towns "hamitas", "camitas" or "protomediterráneos" would be the common substrate that they share tuareg, guanches, iberos, Basoues, Sardinian or imaziguen.
    It is indeed this moment of camita expansion when the megalítica culture extends from Tunisia to Ireland, with center in the south of Portugal. It was a this culture of cattle base, that still lived in caves but it knew metals and it constructed to great collective stone tombs - dólmenes- where all the members of a same clan were buried during generations. 4,000 years ago they appeared the horse and the sword, although for that reason they did not arise great internal social differences.



 

In the Sahara "the gétulos" towns continued maintaining a pasturing of cattle and a rock art of great naturalismo, but the African influence was made weak more and more, dice the progressive isolation of tuareg. However Mediterranean Africa intensified its commercial relations with the Iberian Peninsula exporting objects of luxury like ivory, obsidian or eggs of ostrich and receiving influences like dólmenes or the campaniforme ceramics. From East, through Sicily, other cultural models arrive at the Tunisian coast, that take shape in the ceramics "cabila". Therefore, they will be the joint influences of the Sahara, the Iberian Peninsula and the Eastern Mediterranean those that are conforming the prehistory of the town amazige.
For 3,000 years the influences of the Eastern Mediterranean they have been becoming dominant, in the first place by the great cultural weight of Egypt and secondly by the Phoenician penetration. In a year 950 a.C. Sheshonk, the military leader of the líbica tribe Mashaouash, proclaimed Pharaoh and founded XXII the Egyptian dynasty, beginning in this date the calendar amazige. About the same dates the Phoenicians reach the western coasts founding the colonies of Útica, Tamuda, Gades, Lixus, etc. But will be Carthage, founded on the 814 a.C., the one that as of the century I SAW a.C. becomes an independent state, putting under tribute to the tribes of the interior and consolidating the routes caravaneers who provide it of African gold, silver and tin.

It is in this protohistórica stage when they imazighen them begin to write, adopting an alphabet derived from the Phoenician, to whom "líbico" is denominated. This alphabet, not yet deciphered, keeps similarities with which at that time they used iberos and guanches and with "tifinagh" that still uses tuareg in Mali or Niger. Three differentiated zones formed at that time the territory of Tamazgha. South Al, in mountainous spurs del the southern Sahara the gétulos followed dedicated al pasturing. In the coast of present Morocco Mauritania was located, that according to Salustio "had cities soon, because separated of Iberia only by the Straits, they maintained frequents commerce with the iberos". Between Algeria and Tunisia the Numidia extended that, thanks to the Carthaginian commerce, became the richest zone. They are indeed númidas kings first bereberes who enter history with  own name like Aylamas, Gaïa, Sifaz, Massinissa, Jugurta or Juba, mentioned by the Roman historians by its tenacious resistance to the conquest by Rome.


                             

After them a stage begins - that arrives until today of external dependencies. Although Mauritania was the section of the Mediterranean coast that later was gotten up to the Empire, in year 40 a.C. Africa of the North already is Roman. But Rome never controlled more territory of the one than it had put under Carthage and in fact its main dedication was to maintain a network of sentry posts occupied by about 30,000 soldiers to assure the commerce caravaneer with the African Sahel. A sector of romanizados mauritanos was ascending socially and in the year the 170 African senators reached the hundred already. And at the end of the Roman dominion the latinización was so deep that the first Parents of the Christian Church are bereberes like Tertuliano, San Cipriano or San Agustín. Although in any case the African Christianity always maintained the intervals with Rome by means of the allegiance to heresies like the donatismo, the docetismo and the arrianismo.
The first medieval centuries were a time of invasions and changes of gentlemen. In the year the 429 vandals settle in the diocese of Africa, dominating with their fleet all western Mediterranean and getting to sack Rome in the 455. In year 534 the kingdom vandal is destroyed by the Bizantino Empire, that happens to dominate all North Africa. The dominion of Bizancio arrives until year 91 (of the Hégira)/710 (a.d.), when the Arabs are able to conquer the Atlas and to turn to the Islam their settlers. But this conquest was not to them far from easy to the Arabs, since they imazighen them were united against the invaders, first under the command of Kusayla - head of the confederation of Senhaya tribes in the Great Atlas and between the 696 and the 701 directed by the priestess To the Kahina. After the defeat, the forces bereberes got up the Muslim army, forming the striking power that of the hand of Tarik conquered the Iberian Peninsula.




The islamización was advancing in the coastal zones - in a process of aculturación without substitution of population whereas the native culture was being relegated to mountains. But from the beginning attempts arose to adapt the Islam to the world to bereber. Thus, in the Atlantic plains the jariyita revolt explodes in year 122/740, that founds the principality of Siyilmasa and the equality of all the Muslims extends by the Magreb preaching. So single 35 years after the Arab conquest, Ibn Tarif proclaimed prophet, translated the Corán to the language tamazigh and founded the kingdom of Barghwata with capital on Tamesna, that conserved its independence during centuries.
This process of disintegration of the califato of the Baghdad concluded century II/VIII by the end of, when the independent kingdoms of the idrisíes, rustemíes and aglabíes with capitals in Fez, Tahert and Cairouan arose in the Magreb. Whereas the Kabilia was under sovereignty of the rustemíes, the Rif happened to depend on the kingdom of Fez. But like at the times Carthaginian or Roman, Ifriquiya- call was present Tunisia - at that time the richest and powerful zone, getting to unify under the fatimí dynasty the set of the surmediterránea coast from Egypt to Fez.



 

In this period the capital of the Rif was the city of Nekor, today disappear, that was located in the mouth of the river of equal name. Nekor lodged the first Moroccan dynasty, because ibn Mansur to the Himyari was founded the 726 by the Sahid Yemeni, that proclaimed its independence before the barguatas or the idrisíes. The city and its port underwent the sacking of the normandos pirates, omeyas andalusíes and finally of almorávides that destroyed it in 1084.
Century V/XI will see be born with Yusuf ibn Tachfin a great empire amazige that unified politically all the Magreb. Almorávides first and almohades later divided from mountains of the Great Atlas preaching the necessity of a moral reform independently to arrive from A the Andalus to Tripoli and the Sahel, proclaiming itself caliphs of the Baghdad or the Cairo even in the monk. The base of its power was in its effective organization of the commercial route that spurted from gold to Europe through the axis Tombuctú - Siyilmasa - Marrakech - Fez - Badis - Malaga - Seville.



 

It was indeed the city of the most important Badis of the Rif between centuries XII to the XVI when becoming the port of Fez. Its growth was based on "the comfort of an able port of thirty vessels and good wood equipment in the mountain ranges of around, where there are many trees cork oak and larch". According to Leon African "the inhabitants of Badis form two groups: fishermen and privateers who are going to rob to the coasts of the Christians with their whips. In the stops and rough mounts of the environs are good wood for galeras and the mountain dwellers live on the transport of them ".
Of these rifeños of mountains to the south of Badis other geographers like A the Bakri, Ibn Battuta, To the Idrisi or Ibn Jaldún - in its great work "History of bereberes" - name the tribes that inhabits them, agreeing their names and territories with which nowadays they continue inhabiting the Ait Urriaghel, Ait Guemil, Igzenain or Marnisa.



 

After two centuries of empire to bereber, the constant pulse between nomadismo and civilization - that Ibn Jaldún stops  is the dialectic principle of the history of bereberes- ended the empire almohade and made be born the kingdoms of Tunisia, Tlemcen, Granada, Fez, Marrakech and Tafilalet. In the magrebí west, the weak kingdom of Fez - governed by the meriní dynasty - will see as in their coast the Portuguese and Spaniards seize of Ceuta, Ksar is -Seghir, Anfa, Asilah, Mazagán, Tánger, Larache, Spark plug, Orán, Algiers, Mazalquivir or Tunisia. In the coast rifeña the Spaniards seize of Melilla in 1497 and the Rock of Vélez in 1508.
The main consequence of this European occupation was the rupture of the commercial bows between the two borders of the Mediterranean, like part of the rivalry between the empires Spanish and Ottoman. Once cut the Badis-Malaga route, the rifeños sailors had to become privateers under the Ottoman protection, being born therefore the calls "berberiscos states". But in spite of the profitable thing which was the privateering, it was not but a symptom of the weakness of a power that could not oppose a regular fleet front to the Catalan predominance, genovés and veneciano. In fact the main contingent of these berberiscos privateers formed the moriscos expelled from the kingdom of Castile that were based in Bades, Mezemme or Salé and founded new "andalusíes" cities like Tetouán or Chefchaouen.



 

Meanwhile, in the interior the popular reaction against that European aggression - that at first looked for the refuge in the religious brotherhoods or zawiyas- was capitalized by the new saadí dynasty. After conquering Fez and Marrakech and unifying thus kingdoms both, it was sent to recover the Portuguese seats until the victory in Batalla of the Three Kings that as opposed to took place Larache in year 985/1578. In all the Rif this is a time of crisis, when breaking itself its ancestral paper of intermediary between the Mediterranean and the Sahel. According to it describes to Leon African the his inhabitants to us "do not seed wheat hardly, since they eat barley bread, accompanying itself with abundance of sardines". With respect to the Ait Urriaguel it indicates that "the good king always has the hands in his goods, so that these, that would be richest of between all, by the injustice of the gentlemen are poorest. They are naturally striking and spirited and they do near two thousand men for the war ".
The new alauita dynasty, restored in the 1074/1664, as soon as it is able to maintain the kingdom formally united while the territories "bled is siba" acquire a progressive autonomy into the hands of a multitude of tribal gentlemen. So it is his weakness that so single two Spanish boats were sufficient to occupy in the 1673 rock of AlHoceima, - to that the Spaniards called Lavenders, Bucima, Mezemme, Mozema, Mozlena, Mosmer, Motzema, Motzumar, Monçemar, Buzoma, Alzema, Mozuma or Busema -.




Recognizing its weakness, the alauita kingdom signed the Treaty of Capitulations with France in 1767 and Spain in 1799. The long drought that began the 1190/1776 and the plague of the 1211/1797 left to the kingdom of Morocco without the forces necessary to confront a century XIX marked by European imperialism. When the Moroccan troops are overcome by the French in Isly, near Oujda, in year 1260/1844, it is left his future like colony determined.
The French occupation of Algeria caused that the Spanish policy was derived towards the territorial expansion, starting off of the bases that provided the "smaller military prisons to him" of Melilla, Lavenders, Vélez and Ceuta. If during century XVIII the chancelleries Spanish and French had looked for with respect to Morocco the fixation of the rules of the game for navigation, the maintenance of La Paz and the agreements or "adjustments" for the security of the Spanish military prisons, however in the middle of century XIX two factors laid the foundations the opening of a new time: "envés of the international plot" by the British pressures and the neighboring monitoring of cábilas to those colonial enclaves.

Thus, the policy of occupation concealed with eufemismos like the "necessity of security", after the treaty signed in the summer of 1859 occurred the pistol shot from exit to the direct confrontation. The new fortifications raised in Santa Clara de Ceuta and the later attack of the tribe of the Anyera served from pretext the government of general O´Donnell to occupy the levantisco Spanish army in outer tasks and the same day of the Spanishness of 1859, the isabelina monarchy embarked in another absurd colonial war. In addition to the reasons for inner policy, reasons of international policy favored this company because it stimulated latent desire in Spain to compete with the European powers in the "distribution of Africa".



At the end of October, the Spanish government decreed the blockade of the ports of Tánger, Martí and Larache and the 1 of January of 1860 the military machinery started up, to arrive at the beginning of February at Tetuán. The occupation of Tetuán, the numerous repairs imposed by the treaty of peace and the consequent bankruptcy of the property of the Sultán put under the cuarteado institutional building of the xerifiano empire to the political and financial dependency of the foreigner and very specially British.

After the war of Tetuán, the diplomacy unfolded by the governments of Madrid would oscillate between those in favor of the intervention opened in the north of Morocco and the "in favor africanists" of canalized a mercantile and cultural approach of pacific and civil form. One of these formulas of "pacific penetration" era by means of the regime of legal protection to numerous Moroccan subjects, which undermined the authority of the Sultán in such degree that this one demanded the call of an international conference with the purpose of defining and limiting that "right of protection". To this end, the Conference of Madrid of 1880 did not not only solve the problem but that came to aggravate it when giving him character of international right, institutionalizing the European interferences in the internal subjects of the Moroccan empire.

Initiate therefore the diplomatic siege of Europe on Morocco precolonial, only lacked by knowing what country would be made position carry out magno so "civilizador" project. In order to solve the question, the Conference of Berlin during 1884 and 1885 tried to arrive at a "balance to be able" between the different powers interested in the African lot. The struggle by the control of Africa took to Morocco to put themselves in the front sight of the imperialistic powers, although in this occasion it was not come to his distribution.

In this atmosphere of plundering and before the loss of the rest of the Spanish ultramarine empire, the government of Madrid initiated defensive installations of authorized Melilla by the Sultán in the treaty of 1860. But when the works approached kubba of Sidi Aguariach - santón venerated by cábilas of Kelaia- the tribes rifeñas requested that that profanación of a sacred place for them stopped. While the Moroccan and peninsular authorities tried to calm the spirits, rifeños contingents crossed the territory doing a call to the war against the invaders. This mobilization was considered a "provocation" by the Spanish  authorities, that moved to Melilla a strong military contingent.




The skirmishes of the 27 of October of 1893, in that violent general Margallo found the death, triggered the bombing of aduares coastal by the Spanish ships military. The demoralizing effect and the hunger of the population took to the Kaid of the border field to present/display peace proposals, but the melillenses authorities put as condition the delivery of the rifeños ringleaders and the renewal of works in Sidi Aguariach.
The reaction of the Sultán was to openly condemn the hostile actions of cábilas of Kelaia, which reflected the impossibility of the Majzén to control them and demonstrated the process of decomposition of the xerifiano empire. The 5 of March of 1894, general Martinez Fields and Mulay Hassan signed a "treaty of peace" that ended an undeclared war. It had changed the situation with respect to the war of Tetuán much, when Mulay Mohammed supported with the Anyera tribe. Now, however, the Sultán decided In the same way to punish to the tribes of Kelaia, confirming the divorce between the Majzén and the Rif., reinforced the increasing French influence forehead to the happened thing in the conflict of Tetuán, in which England had exerted a decision-making paper.

In fact the one was the anglian-French agreement of 1904 that fixed how it would be had to come to the "friendly distribution" of Morocco. France and Great Britain managed to put themselves in agreement on the idea of "Egypt by Morocco" suggested by Delcassé. But to satisfy the British interest to assure the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Gibraltar, London put like condition that Spain - weak in comparison it received septentional half of the xerifiano empire, although France would be the only referee before any controversy between Spain and Morocco.

In the own excessive secrecy of the "Europe of the Alliances" and as it was anticipated in article 8 of the Franco-British entente, the Hispanic-French bilateral negotiation in April of 1904 began. In her 20,000 were offered to him to Spain about km2 of the intrincate and mountainous strip of the north, between the rivers Muluya, Uarga and Lucus. In spite of the importance of the pact, the reaction in Spain only found echo in the grupúsculos of africanists of the Geographic Society, whereas the government of Madrid lacked a specific colonial policy. From this Spain form it obtained a colony to price of balance and by an economic interest sure but rather by a pride question not to appear as a power of second order incapable to take part in the colonial distribution.

But the anglian-French agreements of 1904 had not considered the interests of the other great European power: Germany, and that deliberate exclusion was going to cause a diplomatic conflict after the visit of the Kaiser Guillermo II to Tánger in March of 1905 to defend the territorial integrity of the Moroccan sultanato before the possibility that it was divided between Spain and France. Feeling supported by the German diplomacy, the Sultán proposed that the program of reforms that it wanted to impose France was put under the arbitration of an international commission. Reunited to this end, the Conference of Algeciras of 1906 ratified the French pretensions on Morocco when letting to France and Spain all the "responsibility" organize the control of the Moroccan ports, as well as the procedure of awarding of works. In sum, the German government had caused an international conflict and had finished snubbed, being able only to postpone by years the distribution decided by France and England in 1904.



 

From 1907 ample France its zone of influence in the east and the south of its territory seizing of Oujda and Casablanca, this last one with Spanish aid. Spain on the other hand advances from Melilla to the Restinga and the Cabo de Aguas, while a self-proclaimed preacher Sultán negotiates with Bu Hamara - to whom the tribes rifeñas had accepted the concession of the rights of operation of the iron of Kelaia. The mining works will suppose a new pulse for the government of Madrid, whereas indifference Bu Hamara and overthrown Abd the Aziz cábilas that had collaborated with the new Sultán denied to accept the concessions done to the Spanish Company of Mines of the Rif and in October of 1908 they assaulted his facilities. After the disturbances, the tribes presented/displayed to general Marina their desires to stay in pacific relations with Spain, although the works in the mines and the railroad followed paralyzed, before the lack of manifest authority.
In January of 1909 cábilas, released of the authority of Bu Hamara, very did not seem arranged to pemitir the activity of the mining companies. Thus, pressed by the "enterprise lobby", the government of Madrid ordered the renewal of the works offering military escort to the companies. The news was received with very different will by the rifeños. Cábilas of Mazuza and Beni Sicar summoned to yemáa of all the tribes of Kelaia to decide a pact left, simultaneously who asked for the postponement of works until hearing the opinion of the Sultán. The request returned to fall in broken coat and the 9 of July took place new attacks against the workers and their escorts, beginning therefore the campaign of 1909 that would be to very specially cost so many human losses in the sector of Melilla and in the Precipice of the Wolf. The impression caused by the "disaster of the Precipice" was terrible for the Spanish public opinion, until the point of which to the attempt of mobilization of the reserve brigades of Madrid and Barcelona the working class responded with a general insumisión and the revolts known like the "Tragic Week".


Convinced the Majzén that it could not count on the aid of any foreign power to do in front of the offensive of Spain, it it did not have left more solution than to make concessions. In this order of things, the sultanato signed a new agreement by which it ratified the General Act of the Conference of Algeciras. But once again the treaty the majzeniana authority had left in paper wet before the attitude of cábilas rebellious.
The prewarlike climate in Europe again internationalized the "problem of Morocco". Germany returned to be against to French expansionism sending in the summer of 1911 a canteen to the coasts of Agadir.  The German show of force forced hard negotiations that would finish with the agreement of the 4 of November, by that France yielded to Germany Cameroun in exchange for making sure the German approval for the establishment the "Protectorate of Morocco".

Overcome the last reluctance, the Sultán signed the 30 of March of 1912 the treaty of acceptance of the Protectorate, beginning with it the colonial stage. But still it was to fix the paper of Spain that, reduced to mere comparsa of France, did not have more remedy than to accept the pending negotiation from 1904. Starting off of the occupation in fact and the French demands of compensation by the cession of Cameroun, to Spain no longer the located territories were assigned to him to the west of the Uarga river, a piece to the borders of the Muluya and leaves from cábila of Beni Bu Yahi. Under Spanish administration they would be left therefore the river basin of the Lucus river, the Yebala, the Gomara, the Rif and the Kelaia with a about 20,000 extension of km2. Finally the Hispanic-French conversations finished with the Agreement of 27 of November of 1912, by that the Protectorate of Spain in the North of Morocco was constituted.
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vertaald door: http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/tr
Van Spaans naar Engels.

Bron: http://geo.ya.com/errif/terrain/histoire/histoire.html



 

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Index |  Terrain |   Route |  Contact

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part 2

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part 8

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part 10
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part 12

part 13

part 14 the end

Het belangrijkste is dat wij hier uit, lessen kunnen trekken. Dat het ''arabische'' etiket die men zo maar  ergens op plakken is onterecht.
Ook doet men de andere volkeren te kort om ze voor arabier te zien, te beschouwen en te behandelen.

Citaat van: RifRebel op 05/07/2007 om 00:25:49Onze profeet Mohamed SAWS, is ook een gearbiseerde arabier, geen echte arabier. Heb ik ooit vernomen.

bestaat zo iets? :D
een vernederlandse nederlander? een verfranste fransman? een verchineste chinees?

De Profeet vzmh is toch in Mekka geboren en hij is de zoon van Abd Allah Abou Talib. Hij behoorde tot de Quraich stam en hij sprak oud Arabisch, Yemeniet - Arabisch(achtige talen) oud- Hebreeuws en Oud Asyrisch, Aramees, Akkadisch talen ( door zijn handelsreizen). Volgens Ahadieth en verhalen en boeken.
Juist wilde hij met zijn boodschap (profetie) zijn volk ont-arabiseren ( cultureel, religieus) en ze Moslim maken en in één God laten geloven.

Heel goed! Gefeliciteerd E3ber!

Location and Nature of Arab Tribes
http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch1s1.html

Doe maar rustig aan.

Citaat van: Idir op 04/07/2007 om 12:06:39
Wie weet trouwens wat dit woordje betekent??
w’attas n tqessisin suysent iw-qasi (2x)

asuys = strooien. suysent = zij (vr) strooiden.
bijv:  suys cwayt n tissnt ( rmre7) x tmellalt ( tamdjatc)

strooi wat zout over het ei.

Mooi nummer. helaas is die Luitgeluid een beetje ouderwets . Moderne instrumenten zouden het liedje  veel beter doen klinken.